To English
To Arabic-English
To
Arabic
Iron inzal and Its Great might IN
HOLY QUR-AN
Hussain Y.I.R. Omari
rashed@mutah.edu.jo
Physics Department/ Mutah University/ JORDAN
Is Presented at: IPSI-2006 Conference, France, Carcassonne. April
27-30/2006.
Editing and Partial Translation: AbdulHafeth Khrisat; Departmet of
English.
ABSTRACT
The article explores the Qur’anic Verse "And Anzalna
Al-Hadid (Iron), in which is Great might, as well as many benefits for
mankind". The Verse directs
attention to various facts, such as:
Iron accumulates in cores of high mass old stars. The iron core collapses to form a degenerate
neutron star. Consequently, a shock wave
moves through the in falling stellar material and completely disrupts the
star. The Verse also points to the
production of chemical elements higher than iron, and to the extraction of iron
from cores of old dying stars. Finally,
iron and other elements are sent to form our solar system. The number of the Surah (57) exceeds
by one the atomic mass number of iron 56 corresponding to maximum binding
energy per nucleon; among all elements produced by
nuclear fusion reactions in cores of massive stars. This is an indication to the starting point
for endothermic reactions. The atomic
number of iron (26) exceeds the number of the Verse (25) by one. The difference “one” directs attention to
the process of inverse beta decay.
Moreover, the Verse directs our attention to the deep gravitational
potential energy of the Iron Earth’s core, and its great thermal energy as
well.
I. INTRODUCTION
I would like to mention that this article has
been introduced in many lectures: The
first in the year 2003 at Mu'tah university with great number of attendees from
professors and students in various fields of specialty. The second was in a conference at France (IPSI Conference:
France - Carcassoan, 2006).
The chairman of the conference comment was: "We should learn from
the Moslems. They have a different
approach from our breasts, who already have in their mind what to say."
May Allah SWT purify our attentions, and direct our efforts to
serve his religion: (We will show them Our signs in the
horizons and within themselves until it becomes clear to them that it is the
truth.) [S.41, A. 53].
Before starting, it is a good idea to have a look
at the meanings of the Arabic words: SAMA (سماء), and Ardh (أرض).
I. A: The Connotations of “Anzala”
Anzala in Arabic (Ibn
al-Manzur, 1993, XIV: 111-113; al-Taj, 1994, XV:
728-732): the noun nozoul (“residency”) means dwelling, lodging and
living on the spot for certain periods. Originally, it means to descend, drop,
plunge into or fall down. The derivatives, tanazala, istenzalahu,
anzalahu and nazalahu have one meaning “sent”. In al-Taj, inzal
gives the meaning of plenty or abundance; the word nuzul “home” is
indicated in the Qur'anic verse: "Verily We have prepared Hell for the
unbelievers for (their) nuzula (entertainment)" (Surat
Al-Kahf No. 18, verse 102).
In
this verse, nuzul, “home”, is ascertained in being there eternally.
Figuratively speaking, manzelah reveals the meaning of rank and position
whereas nuzul indicates what has been arranged and prepared from food
and drinks for the reception of the guests: “This is their home nuzul on
Doomsday.” Nuzul in this verse also denotes giving and blessing from
Allâh. al-Akhafush says that nuzul means that people who are taking
residency at others’ land. Another derivative is when someone anzala
“sent by an external effect” another. Other meanings include: a) to put in
order and make an arrangement b) to leave something c) to take residence at a
place to seek aid or offer d) to have nuzul land, “fertile”. Moreover, nuzul
has other connotations: a place that has fast flowing of water; nuzul
valley, “narrow”; nuzul “rain”; and nizal “fighting with the
enemy in war” or “fighting ferociously”.
Also nuzul means home and entertainment, as God’s saying:
"Verily We have prepared Hell for the unbelievers for (their) nuzula
(entertainment)" (Surat Al-Kahf No. 18, verse 102). These meanings are indicated by the verses:
"Such will be their nuzul (entertainment) on the Day of Requital" (Surat
Al-Waqi’a No. 56, verse 56) and the verse "For those who fear their Lord,
are gardens, with rivers flowing beneath; therein are they to dwell (for ever),
nuzula (an entertainment) from Allâh" (Surat Al-i-Imran No. 3,
verse 198).
The Meanings of Send (Barnhart, 1977, II:
1896):
Send (Verb) has a number
of meanings:
1) To cause to go from
one place to another: At the end of some
large stars’ lives God sends iron from the core of such a star, as it
undergoes a supernova explosion.
2) To
cause to be carried: The supernova explosion sends iron (causes it to be
carried) out of the core at the end of some large stars’ lives.
3) To
cause to come, occur, to be: The supernova explosion provides the heat energy
required to send elements having atomic mass A > 56.
4) To compel or force to
go; drive, impel, or throw: The iron core collapses to form a degenerate
neutron star. Consequently, a shock wave
moves through the in falling stellar material and completely disrupts the
star. The supernova explosion sends
iron; forces it to go; out of the star.
Iron, together with the stellar constituents, are sent (driven,
impelled, or thrown) out of the star.
5) To cause to live in a
certain place, engage in a certain employment, or the like, for a period of
time: For a high mass star, say M = 25 MS, Silicon takes 24 hours to
ignite and produce iron in the core.
Iron is sent to (remains in) the core for 24 hours. With the degenerate neutron star being
produced, iron is sent (expelled) out of the star.
6) To
refer to some authority, to send a message or messenger, and to
send good news: Allâh anzala Qur’an to Prophet Mohammad; who is sent (a messenger send by
Allâh) to mankind.
7) To
cause (something) to go (down, up): With the supernova explosion, iron is sent
(ejected) in all directions.
8) To
transmit: radio signals, current, electromagnetic wave by means of pulsation:
The supernova explosion produces a degenerate neutron star, which is a radio
pulsar. It is a rapidly rotating star that sends electromagnetic waves
as pulsation. High percentage of Earth’s
core is iron, which is a good conductor that sends (transmits) current.
9) And
to send a ship: To lurch forward into the trough (ditch, trench, channel, depression, low) of a wave. A shock wave
is what causes the star to explode; as star is send into the trench of
the shock wave.
Send
(Noun) has a number of denotations:
1) The
driving impulse or force of a wave or waves on a ship. With the supernova explosion, there is a send
(driving impulse or force from the shock wave) on the exploded star.
2) A
sudden lurch (tilt, roll) forward of a ship into the trough (ditch, trench, channel, depression, low) of a wave. Similarly, the send
iron and collapsing stellar matter go forward into the trough of the shock
wave.
3) Send down: To expel
from a university. With the supernova
explosion, iron is send down (expelled) from the star.
I. B: The Various Meanings of Madd (Ibn
al-Manzur, 1993, XIII: 50-52)
The
word Madd has a number of meanings: attraction; as moon-ocean force of
attraction increases, Madd
(tide) occurs.
al-Lahyani said the verse: "And the Ardh (Earth) We have Madd it" (Surah No. 50, Verse 7; Surah No. 15, verse
19) means leveled and made it flat.
Earth will be Madd at the Day of Judgment: "And When the Ardh (Earth) is Madd"
(Surat AL-Inshiqaq No. 84, verse 3).
Also
madd of the ardh (field, a piece of land) denotes the increase of
its components by addition of fertilizers and soil in order to produce in
abundance. In another context, for
example, a particular valley madd into another river means that it adds
and increases its water current. In the
same context, a river madd another river (flows and merges into
it). Generally speaking, as al-Lahyani
remarked, everything madd another denotes addition and increase. Madd also indicates everything that
supplies others as a source for it.
God’s verse says: (Say: "If the ocean were
medad (ink) wherewith to write out the words of my Lord, Sooner would
the ocean be exhausted than would the words of my Lord, even if we added
another ocean like it, for its medad (aid, ink).") (Al-Kahf No. 18,
verse 109).
Al_Farra, an Islamic scholar, interprets Qur'anic verses: "And
if all the trees on Ardh (earth) were pens and the Ocean (were ink),
with seven Oceans behind it to Madd (add to its supply), yet would not
the Words of Allâh be exhausted (in the writing): for Allâh is exalted in
power, full of Wisdom." (Surat Luqman No. 31, verse 27). "And the Ocean
(were ink), with seven Oceans behind it to Madd". Al_Farra also said that Medad
(a derivative from madd) is like ink.
Allâh madd Euphrates (الفرات)
with water, and Euphrates madd our water currents and rivers. In the
lexicon, the group is madd with supporters and others means assisting
them in their mission. It is mentioned
that a group madd the army (supply them with more food, water, arms and
ammunition).
According
to Shammur, if something is madd, it implies that it is full to the brim
but if a river madd, its water level gets higher; if somebody madd
the bottle of ink (adds to its content). According to Abu Zayed: People use to
say Allâh madd in your life (hope you live long). Another usage of the word madd is to
say that the day madd (the sun rises and the time is almost at noon: it
is not early morning). To madd something means to add to its substance.
The
most relevant meanings of madd are:
Accretion: 1- Growing together of separate things. 2-
An increase in size by natural growth or gradual external addition. 3- A whole
that results from such growths or additions.
4- A thing added; addition. 5- Growth in size. 6- The increase in area
of a piece of land, beach, etc., by the washing up of soil (Barnhart, 1977, I: 15). 7- The
process by which compact stars capture ambient matter is called accretion
(Shapiro, 1983).
Inflation: 1- The act of swelling (as with air, gas,
pride, or satisfaction). 2- A swollen state; too great expansion. 3- An
increase of the currency of a country by issuing much paper money. 4- A sharp
and sudden rise in prices resulting from a too great expansion in paper money
or bank credit (Barnhart,
1977, I: 1083). Universes
with exponential expansion are nowadays called inflationary (Ross, 1994).
Thus the Arabic word Madd can mean: Accretion, and (or) Inflation. It
means to give rope in, or extends (the rope) to; plunge deeper in to; help
with, assist with; give; somebody increase in; bestow freely on; grant
resources in abundance. Aid, add to
(supply), like ink for a pen; stretch out (a rope); God Madd, prolong;
the shadow: Make long-extended. And God Madd
(spread out, inflated, formed from small gravitating objects) the earth. These
meanings for the Arabic word (Madd), are taken from the Qur'anic Verses
(Omari,
Earths Madd, Arabic translation):
"And
it is He (Allâh) who Madd the Ardh (Earth),
and set thereon fixing mountains" (Surat Ar-Ra’d No. 13, verse 3). Also: "And the Ardh (Earth) We have Madd it; set thereon
mountains firm" (Surat Al-Hijr No. 15, verse 19). And the verse: "And the Ardh (Earth); We have Madd it, and set
thereon fixing mountains" (Surat Qaf No. 50, verse 7).
The
word Madd means: To spread out, to inflate; increase the earth’s surface area (Ibn
Katheer, 1994: III: 184; II: 657). Madd can refer to the process of
accretion resulting in formation of the earth. The Sun Madd (provides) Earth with
energy. Allâh mentions the creation
process and mechanism of the earth; from material being added (accreted) to
make it. Also the above verses refer to
inflation and smoothing of earth’s surface; where it's almost spherical (II:
723). Allâh has
enlarged and spread out the Earth (IV: 284).
On
the Day of Judgment, earth will be Madd: "And When the Ardh
(Earth) is Madd * And casts forth what is within it and becomes -clean-
empty" (Surat Al-Inshiqaq No. 84, Verse 3-4). Madd means: Spread out, inflated,
have an increased surface area (Ibn Katheer, 1994, IV: 629; al-Tabri,
1995, XV:142; al-Qurtubi, 1996, XIX: 177). Eight hundred years ago, al-Razi has explained this verse: “One has to know
that increasing the area of the earth is a must, whether through inflation or
accretion” (al-Razi,
1995, XVI: Part 31: 105)! Earth will
cast forth its internal metals, and its interior becomes empty
(al-Qurtubi, 1996, X: Part 19:
177-178).
I. C: Dah’o in Arabic Language (Ibn al-Manzur,
1993: IV: 303-04; XI: 110).
Dah’o:
is a noun, the verb is daha; daha al-ardh means leveling
it. An Arabian woman composed a poem, which means: “Thanks to Allâh for He
built the Sama in layers over us.
And then Allâh daha al-ardh”: leveled the earth and
enlarged it to meet the increasing number of inhabitants, and made it fertile:
"And the Ardh (earth), later on, hath He daha * He extracted from it its water and
its pasture" (Surah 79, verses
30-31).
Ibn
Barri says: Daha al-ardh (Allâh pushed and threw the earth;
causing it to move). It moves away from
the sun as it gains kinetic energy.
Allâh daha the earth until it became leveled and stable; then the
mountains were constructed and made stable and fixed on it. In a saying by Ali bin abi Taleb (Prophet's
cousin and the fourth Islamic Caliph), “O God! Dahi al-madh’wat” (leveling and enlarging of Ardhean (plural of ardh)
is carried out by God.) Also a derived noun from
daha is idheyah (the Ostrich’s nest in the sand where she lays
its eggs). The Ostrich is known to push and kick the sand by her feet and then
she lays eggs in a place where she hatches the eggs and the kittens stay in
that idheyah. In ibn Omar’s narrative, “daha al-saiyel in
the desert” means (to throw, push and cause the water
to run and move).
Ibn
al-Musaiyab was asked about dah’o by stones: He replied it’s acceptable.
And it means to have a competition to show the winner in throwing of
stones. In an earlier context, “The rain
daha pebbles from the surface of the earth”: (takes the pebbles away
with it). It’s also a characteristic of the rain to push away small stones and
pieces of rock.
Ibn al-Manzur mentions that it is said to the player of nuts, who daha
nuts (throws them), move further
away from the goal and make daho of nuts.
Moreover,
abi Rafe’ said that he used to entertain al-Hassan and al-Hussain (Ali bin abi
Taleb's sons) by playing with madahi; stones like circular loaves. The
Arabs used to make holes in the ground and dahou these stones; the
player throws into the hole the stones, nuts, etc. Mecca residents used to play with small
circular pebbles like loaves to be thrown into holes particularly made for such
game. The derivative noun, medhah means
a piece of log used by the boy to thrust and sweep away everything comes in its
way on the ground.
In
another context, the horse daha (hops by raising its front hooves a
little bit from the ground). Not only a horse daha but also a camel daha
(making like hunters holes while laying on the ground). The word daha
also is referred to humans. A man sleeps and daha (lie
comfortably). But a man daha a
woman (marries her). The noun daho’
is used to refer to someone who has a belly. The word dahyah is also
used to mean the leader of a group of soldiers. This leader is qualified and
privileged by the boss on the commander who has all the privileges.
To conclude, the Arabic word daho means: Pushing, throwing, and causing to
move. It means to make levelly; with
smooth even surface; like a spherical surface with large radius. It means to enlarge, extend, to inflate. For Earth, it also means to extracted from it its water and its
pasture; make fertile and
suitable for life.
The meanings of the Arabic words (Anzalna, Daho,
Madd) have to be very clear, since they are used through out the text to
replace the non-sufficient translation.
II. The Physical Aspects of Qur’anic Verse
“(And Anzalna Al-Hadid (Iron), in which is Great might”
God
created and constructed Sama (firmaments: forming upper part of
universe) and Ardh (interior part of universe) in six periods. Later on, stars and galaxies are formed (Omari, 2002; Omari, 2004): "So He completed them seven Samawat
(plural of Sama: Firmaments) In two periods, and He assigned to each Sama its duty and command. And We adorned the lower (closer) Sama with lights, and (provide it) with
guard. Such is the Decree of (Him) The
exalted in Might, full of knowledge" (Surat Fussilat No. 41, Verse 12).
(Indeed We have sent Our Messengers with clear
proofs, and Anzalna (revealed) with them the Scripture and the Balance
(justice) that mankind may keep up justice. And We Anzalna Al-Hadid (Iron) wherein is mighty
power, as well as many benefits for mankind, that Allâh may test who it is that
will help Him (His religion), and His Messengers in the unseen. Verily, Allâh
is All-Strong, All-Mighty. (Al-Hadid (Iron) 57:25).
II. A. Stellar Thermonuclear Fusion and
Formation of Stable Iron (Phillips, 1994, page 25-28; Clark, 1998, p 158)
|
لقد هالني دقة وروعة الفقرة التالية؛ إنها وصف دقيق للمعنى
اللغوي لقوله سبحانه وتعالى واصفا الْحَدِيدَ
أنه: (فِيهِ بَأْسٌ شَدِيدٌ). |
|
|
"قد تفكر في الوضع على النحو الآتي: جميع نوى العناصر
الصغيرة تريد" أن تنمو "لتكون مثل الحديد، وإنّها على استعداد لدفع
الثمن (إنتاج الطاقة) من أجل الوصول إلى هذا الهدف. لكن الحديد هو نواة ناضجة ذات تقدير جيد
لذاتها (فخراً وثقة وإعجاباً وثباتاً).
إنها في أتم الرّضى والسعادة والراحة وكمال الإستقرار؛ لأنها حديد.
وبالتالي فإنها تتطلب ثمناً باهضاً (وجوب امتصاص الطاقة) لتغيير تركيبها النووي
المستقر. |
“You might think of the situation
like this: all smaller nuclei want to “grow up” to be like iron, and they are
willing to pay (produce energy) to move toward that goal. But iron is a
mature nucleus with good self-esteem (فخر، ثقة
،إعجاب), perfectly content (كمال الرضا والسعادة) being iron; it requires payment (must absorb energy) to
change its stable nuclear structure ([1]).” |
Nuclear
fusion reactions occur in the stars, where heavy elements are produced in a process called nucleosynthesis. The nuclear fusion reactions inside
these stars give rise to heavy elements. As the star
becomes older, it generates atoms having larger and larger atomic numbers, up
through the isotope of iron having A=56.
The fuel of each stage may be ignited due to a subsequent gravitational
contraction to give the products. Stars
with a mass M > 11 MS; MS is the mass of the Sun; are able to achieve the high
temperature of about 3x109 K which is necessary for the final stage
of thermonuclear fusion. This is Silicon burning which leads to the formation
of Iron 56 and nearby elements: "And Anzalna
Al-Hadid (Iron), in which is Great might, as well as many benefits for
mankind." (Surat Al-Hadid (Iron) No. 57, verse 25).
Nuclear fusion sequence and the alpha
process
After
high-mass stars have nothing but sulfur and silicon in their cores, they
further contract and heat until their cores reach the temperature range 2.7–3.5
GK; silicon burning starts at this point. Silicon burning entails the alpha process which creates new elements by adding
the equivalent of one helium nucleus (two protons plus two neutrons) per step
The thermonuclear explosion of a white dwarf which has been
accreting matter from a companion is known as a Type Ia supernova, while the core-collapse of massive stars produce Type II, Type Ib and Type Ic supernovae.
Type II supernovae mainly synthesize oxygen and the
alpha-elements (Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca and Ti) while Type Ia supernovae produce elements of the iron peak (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni).
The entire silicon-burning sequence
lasts about one day and stops when nickel–56 has been produced. Nickel–56
(which has 28 protons) has a half-life of 6.02 days and decays via beta radiation (in this case, "beta-plus"
decay, which is the emission of a positron) to cobalt–56 (27 protons), which in turn has a
half-life of 77.3 days as it decays to iron–56 (26 protons). However, only
minutes are available for the nickel–56 to decay within the core of a massive
star. At the end of the day-long silicon-burning sequence, the star can no
longer release energy via nuclear fusion because a nucleus with 56 nucleons has
the lowest mass per nucleon (proton and neutron) of all the
elements in the alpha process sequence. In stars, rapid nucleosynthesis
proceeds by adding helium nuclei (alpha particles) to heavier nuclei. Although
nuclei with 58 and 62 nucleons have the very lowest binding energy (Figure), fusing a helium nucleus into nickel–56 (14 alphas)
to produce the next element — zinc–60 (15 alphas) — actually requires
energy in its production rather than releases any. Accordingly, nickel–56 is
the last fusion product produced in the core of a high-mass star. Decay of
nickel-56 explains the large amount of iron-56 seen in metallic meteorites and
the cores of rocky planets (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_burning_process).
Iron isotope
(A=56) is the most naturally occurring among the 28 Iron's isotopes. Its percentage is 91.72% (Table). However, Nickel 62 isotope constitutes only 3.63% of Nickel's
isotopes ( Table).
In stars
of about 10 solar masses, the iron isotope 56Fe is produced. This is the heaviest nucleus that can be
formed in the core of stars by nuclear fusion.
The star’s core has run out of nuclear fuel and within minutes begins to
contract. The potential energy of gravitational contraction heats the interior
to 5 GK and this opposes and delays the contraction. However, since no
additional heat energy can be generated via new fusion reactions, the
contraction rapidly accelerates into a collapse lasting only a few seconds. The
central portion of the star gets crushed into either a neutron star or, if the star is massive enough, a
black hole. The outer layers of the star are
blown off in an explosion known as a Type II supernova (Figure, Figure) that lasts days to months. The supernova explosion releases a large burst of neutrons,
which synthesizes in about one second roughly half the elements heavier than
iron, via a rapid neutron-capture mechanism. For more details and figures, see: binding energy. Regular black holes are thought to form from
heavy stars (perhaps those which start off with masses more than 20 or 25 times
that of the Sun, but this is still an area of active research). When these
stars end their lives in a supernova
explosion, their cores collapse and gravity wins out over any other force
that might be able to hold the star up. Eventually, the star collapses so much
that it is contained within its Schwarzschild radius, or event horizon, the
boundary within which light cannot escape (http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/blackholes.php).
The verse might refer to
the fact that iron and nearby
elements have maximum binding nuclear energy per
nucleon. Both, Table 1 and (Figure), show that such stars develop an interior structure consisting
of seven concentric layers composed mostly of hydrogen, helium, carbon, neon, oxygen, and silicon, surrounding a core of iron and nearby elements. For a high mass star, say M = 25 MS,
Silicon takes 24 hours to ignite and produce iron in the core. Anzalna iron: Iron accumulates in
cores of high mass old stars, and is sent to (remains in) the core for 24 hours
(Figure, Figure, Figure).
Table 1 (Phillips, 1994,
page 26-28): The main stages of nuclear burning in stars.
|
Fuel |
Products |
Ignition Temperature |
Stellar
Mass [MS] |
|
Hydrogen |
Helium |
107 K |
0.1 – 0.5 |
|
Helium |
Carbon,
Oxygen |
107 K |
0.5 – 8 |
|
Carbon |
Oxygen,
Neon, Sodium,
Magnesium |
5x108 K |
8 - 11 |
|
Neon |
Oxygen,
Magnesium |
109 K |
> 11 |
|
Oxygen |
Magnesium
to Sulphur |
2x109 K |
> 11 |
|
Silicon |
Iron
and nearby elements |
3x109 K |
> 11 |
II. B. Supernovae Explosion and Extraction of
Iron from Stellar Cores (Clark, 1998, p 158-59)
Iron in the core of the
star is under an increasing very high pressure.
At a density of 1012 kg/m3, the energetic
degenerate electrons can enter the iron nuclei and turn one of the protons into:
a neutron, and neutrino: 
. As a result of this inverse beta decay, a
neutrino escapes from the core of the star and carries that supporting energy
away forever. As the electrons interact
with the protons, the
inner part of the core is compressed into neutrons (c); the
support that had been provided to the inert core is removed. When
the core becomes so dense, 
, the degenerate
neutrons pressure stops the collapse, and the core bounces a little to its new radius (d) and form an outward-propagating shock
front (red). The shock starts to stall (stand, stop) (e), but
it is refreshed (recharged)
by a process that may include neutrino interaction. As the
shock wave moves through the infalling stellar material; it completely disrupts
the star. The surrounding material is blasted
away (f), leaving only a degenerate remnant. Anzalna Al-Hadid (Iron): The iron core collapses to form a degenerate neutron
star (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova).
When the shock wave reaches
the surface, the star is seen to explode as a supernova. This can be part of many meanings indicated
by the Verse. This is clear from above meanings of Anzala
and send.
In the process of a
supernova, chemical elements up to and surpassing iron (A>56) are
synthesized. Corresponding to iron with
A=56 and nearby nuclei, binding energy per nucleon is maximum for nuclei that
lie along the line of stability (Figure; Figure). For example; see Phillips, 1994, page 26).
The BE/A curve reaches a maximum value of 8.79 MeV at A = 56 and Figure. Thus an additional energy is required to create elements with A >
56. Reactions producing elements with
A=57 (the number of the Surah is 57) are endothermic. The energy required is provided by the
supernova explosion that occurs at the end of some large stars’ lives. The supernova explosion releases a large
burst of neutrons, which synthesizes in about one second roughly half the
elements heavier than iron, via a rapid neutron-capture mechanism. The verse also points to the production of elements having
mass higher than iron, and also directs attention to extraction of iron from
cores of massive old dying stars. Both
processes require a high energy provided by the supernova explosion.
"And Anzalna Al-Hadid (Iron), in which is Great might)". This is part of Verse number
Question: a) Do these numbers
indicate the facts that an additional energy is required to create elements
with A > 56? Reactions producing
elements with A = 57 (the number of the Surah) are endothermic (Figure).
b) “(And Anzalna Al-Hadid (Iron)” is part of Verse number 25.
The atomic number of iron is 26, which exceeds the number of the Verse
by one. Does this difference “one”
direct attention to the process of inverse beta decay; which leads to the
removal of the support that had been provided to the inert core?
c) Sending Messenger Mohammad is both a necessity, and a sign of
closeness of the Day hereafter. Is this
similar to sending down iron being an indication of a star ending its life, and
the extracted elements being necessary to start a human life somewhere else?
“We anzalna aforetime Our Messengers with Clear Signs and anzalna
with them the Book and the Balance, that men may stand forth in justice; (And Anzalna
Al-Hadid (Iron)”.
Also, this reminds us of the verse: (He brings the living out of the dead and brings the
dead out of the living and brings to life the earth after its lifelessness. And
thus will you be brought out.) (Al-Roam verse 19)
(يُخْرِجُ الْحَيَّ مِنَ الْمَيِّتِ وَيُخْرِجُ الْمَيِّتَ
مِنَ الْحَيِّ وَيُحْيِي الأَرْضَ بَعْدَ مَوْتِهَا وَكَذَلِكَ تُخْرَجُونَ ( (الروم 19)
The
Verse refers to the facts that: Iron
with A = 56 and nearby nuclei, have a maximum binding energy per nucleon when
compared to nuclei that lie along the line of stability (Figure, Figure). Thus an additional
energy is required to create elements with A > 57; i.e. the reaction is an
endothermic (Figure). This energy comes from the supernova
explosion that occurs at the end of some large stars’ lives. Consequently, iron is extracted from such
stars, and higher mass elements are produced.
Finally, iron and other elements are sent to form a life such as our
solar system.
The gas cloud, from which our Solar
System formed contained heavy metals, therefore must have had some remnant of
(probably) several supernova explosions in it.
II. C.
Solar System Formation
The time consequence of creation is mentioned by the
following verses:
"What! Are ye
the more difficult to create or the Sama (above)? (Allâh) hath
constructed it * On high hath He raised its canopy, and He hath given it order
and perfection * Its night doth He endow with darkness, and its splendour doth
he bring out (with sun light)". (Surah 79, verses: 27-29).
God created and constructed Sama and Ardh in six periods (Omari, 2002; Omari, 2004).
The universe is vast and is expanding as well: "On high hath He
raised its canopy, and He hath given it order and perfection). Also the expansion is indicated by the verse:
(We have built The Sama – Firmament - with
might. And We indeed Have vast power; to
expand it * And We have spread out Ardh - interior part of the Universe,
or Earth - : How excellently We do spread out!" (Surah No. 51,
verse 47-48). God has constructed Sama via expansion ([i]). We create Sama with vast force and power, and We are able to expand it
as We desire ([ii]). We elevate it
with vast force (al-Zamakhshari, 1977, IV: 20; al-Razi, 1995, IV: 227; Omari, 2002). The universe cools
with expansion, and both matter and stars start forming. The universe is also darkened as it expands
to avoid a state of thermodynamic equilibrium as indicated by the verse:
"Its night doth He endow with darkness, and its splendour doth He bring
out -with sun light-" (Surah
79, verse 29). This refers to the fact that an additional
extra time was needed for the creation of our sun.
Approximately 5 billion years ago, one of the aging stars in
the Milky Way galaxy "exploded", sending a
cloud of matter into the galaxy. Most of the lighter elements (hydrogen and
helium) rejoined to form our sun, while the heavier elements formed a flattened
disk of matter that orbited the newly born star. Atomic and subatomic particles are referred
to by God’s saying:
"Nor is hidden from the Lord so much as the weight of an
atom on the Ardh or in Sama, And not the subatomic nor the
greater" (Surat Yunus No. 10, verse 61). And "From whom (the Lord) is not hidden
the least little atom in the Samas or on Ardh: Nor is there
anything less than that (subatomic), or greater." (Surat Saba No.
34, verse 3).
When the disk of matter orbiting the newly born sun was about 100
million years old, it began clumping together in a process called collisional accumulation to form larger
aggregates of matter. As the size and gravitational pull increased, the stellar
debris clumped into millions of planetesimals, which grew into a much
smaller number of planetoids, which eventually grew into the nine planets of
the solar system, their moons, and a host
of other solar system materials.
The word Sama has various meanings. God says: "We have indeed decked the
lower Sama with beauty (In) the planets" (Surat
As-Saffat No. 37, verse 6). So if lower Sama in this verse means solar system,
then the solar system is decked with beauty (In) the planets; as indicated by
the verse: "Do not the Unbelievers see
that the Samawat (plural of Sama)
and the Ardh were Ratq (joined, coupled), before We Fatq
(clove asunder,
decoupled) them?" (Surat Al-Anbiyaa No. 21, verse 30). Consequently Sama and Ardh are
decoupled and become distinct.
The Arabic
word Ratq implies
that at early stages of the Universe; matter used to have smeared and
continuous mass distribution, and both matter and radiation were coupled
together (Figure). Later on, God Fatq them:
Indicates that matter (hydrogen and helium) had started forming, and the
universe became transparent, and matter is no more coupled to radiation (Figure).
Later on, when the universe was 1.6 million- 400 million years old, clumping
and holding together of matter helped forming stars and galaxies. The verse can also indicate that at early
stages, our solar system was not disintegrated into proto sun and
planetoids. The primordial planet Earth
grew out of bits of gas and dust, aggregating over time into a larger, more
solid body (Figure). This is also implied by the
word Madd in the Qur’anic verses (Omari: Earths Madd, Arabic translation): "And the
Ardh (Earth) We have Madd it" (Surah No. 50, verse
7; Surah No. 15, verse 19), and the verse "And it is He (Allâh) who Madd the Ardh
( Earth)" (Surah No. 13, verse 3).
Earth is
formed via accretion of grains in a 4-step process (http://zebu.uoregon.edu/internet/l2.html):
The young Earth was formed approximately 4.6 billion
years ago. The age of the Earth has been
determined by radioactive dating
techniques. After the creation of the sun, Allah
starts Daho the earth (Omari,
2004),
as indicated by the verse:
"What!
Are ye the more difficult to create or the Sama (above)? (Allâh) hath
constructed it * On high hath He raised its canopy, and He hath given it order
and perfection. * Its night doth He endow with darkness, and its splendour doth
He bring out (with sunlight). * And Ardh (The earth), later on, hath He daha
* He extracted
from it its water and its pasture, * And the
mountains hath he firmly fixed". (Surah 79, verses 27-32).
Taking
into consideration the various meanings of the Arabic words daha and Madd,
the above verses indicate that after stars start shining light and the sun is
formed, the earth is created and given its shape, and its motion as well. Later on, God extracted from it its water and its
pasture, And the mountains hath he firmly fixed. The water is needed to cool earth prior to
mountains formation as the verse implies (Abi al-Fadhl 1994: XIII: 162, 167; XI: 345; al-Nawawi, 1987).
Massive water
reservoir discovered towards Earth's core ([2]):
A reservoir of water three times the
volume of all the oceans has been discovered deep beneath the Earth's surface in
north America ([3]).
The finding could help explain where Earth's seas came from: (Later
on, God extracted from Earth its water and its pasture) (Omari 2004).
II. D.
Iron Sinks to Compose Earth’s Core
The Earth has four distinct layers plus
the atmosphere, one on top of the other (Figure).
From inside out we have:
1. The inner core composed of solid, crystalline iron and
nickel. The inner core is mainly iron as
indicated by the verse: "And Anzalna Al-Hadid (Iron), in which
is Great might". Iron is sent
down to form the Earths solid inner core.
2. The second layer is the outer
core, which is a hot molten iron: Made primarily (as indicated by the above
verse) of molten iron, and then of: oxygen, sulfur compounds.
3. The mantle, which is a molten,
quasi-liquid layer made up of silicon, aluminum, and magnesium oxides.
4. The crust, composed of lighter elements; mostly silicon
and lighter mantle compounds; above the mantle.
The crust is composed of two distinct parts - the continental crust,
which is made up of low-density granitic rocks such as quartz and feldspar that
"float" on top of the mantle, and the oceanic crust, which is the
earth below the oceans; composed of basaltic rocks rich in elements from the
mantle. And the atmosphere that is composed
of variety of gases (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, etc.), which have
changed throughout Earth's history:
"Do not the Unbelievers see that
the Samawat (plural of Sama) and the Ardh were Ratq
(joined, coupled), before We Fatq (clove asunder, decoupled) them?" (Surat Al-Anbiyaa
No. 21, verse 30). If the word Ardh here is to mean
earth, then the verse indicates that earth is now formed of distinct layers;
meanwhile it was molten at its early stages of formation.
II. E. The Composition of Earth's Core
The overall density and
mass of the Earth is known based on measurements of how the Earth perturbs the
orbits of other planets and the moon.
Second, the overall density of the various layers of the Earth is known
based upon the way in which seismic pressure waves move through Earth. Third, by examining a shear seismic wave, it
is known that the outer part of the core is liquid; Shear waves can't travel
through liquids. Fourth, the overall composition of the Earth is known by
examining the bulk chemical composition of the Sun. Fifth, the composition of the Earth's crust
and its mantle, is known by examining samples of them. For the lower mantle, scientists use
experiments of the effect of pressure on upper (shallow) mantle minerals to
predict the mineralogy of the lower reaches of the mantle. Then seismic waves are passed through it in
the lab to see if experimental rocks match the observations. Sixth, given the size, mass and composition
of the whole Earth: its crust, and its mantle, one can see which chemical
elements aren't in the crust or mantle that should be on the Earth. These must
be in the core. Seven, one recalls that
metallic elements in high concentration somewhere in the interior of the Earth
are needed to generate it's magnetic field.
Also, this metal must be able to be in the liquid state even at very high
pressures.
Adding
all this up, the core is predominantly iron metal (Fe). It has a significant amount of the element
Nickel (Ni, about 4%) and a light element to make it less dense (about 10% by
mass). This light element is either mostly oxygen or sulfur, with the arguments
for oxygen being more believable in general.
With all meanings of anzal, the verse can refer to iron mixing
with this light element to make iron less dense.
Looking
at the composition of iron meteorites as well, which are remnants of small
planetary bodies from early in our solar-system's history that segregated small
cores. The composition of these metal alloys match closely what they predict
the composition of the core is using Rubin results (http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/ASK/earths_core.html).
II. F.
The Core and Mantle Separation
Recent research is conducted at Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory by geochemist William Minarik. Using the larger of Livermore's two
multi-anvil presses to mimic the pressures and temperatures that exist deep in
the Earth, he has shown that metals like those in the Earth's core could not
have trickled down. The materials used
in the experiments were olivine, a silicate mineral that makes up much of the
Earth's upper mantle, and an iron -nickel-sulfur-oxygen combination to
represent the core (http://www.llnl.gov/str/Minarik.html).
Despite being molten and much denser than the olivine, the
metallic melt showed no signs of separating and draining to the bottom of the
capsule. For the molten metal to drip down along the silicate grain edges, it
has to be able to wet the edges. But in none of the experiments did wetting
occur. Rather, the iron -nickel mixture
beaded up at the corners of the silicate grains. Livermore's
findings agree with similar, lower-pressure studies that have melted meteorites
and iron -nickel-sulfur- oxygen mixtures and failed to wet the silicate
minerals. These experiments indicate
that much higher temperatures were required to separate the Earth's core and
mantle; temperatures high enough to melt most of the Earth:
All of these data lend credence to the theory that the young,
growing Earth was repeatedly bombarded by large planetoids, with some of these
collisions generating temperatures high enough to form a magma ocean from which
drops of dense molten metal separated. The largest collision may have been when
a large celestial body, about the size of Mars, collided with Earth nearly 4.5
billion years ago, melting most of it and causing the core and mantle to
separate.
The core and mantle separation is part of various meanings that
the following verse can indicate; in case ardh means earth. "Do not the Unbelievers see that the Samawat (plural of Sama)
and the Ardh were Ratq (joined, coupled), before We Fatq
(clove asunder, decoupled) them?" (Surat Al-Anbiyaa No. 21, verse 30).
Also the bombardment of
earth by planetoids is inferred from the word Madd (Omari, Earths Madd, Arabic translation), as indicated by the
Qur’anic verses: "And
the Earth We have Madd it"
(Surah No. 50 verse 7; Surah No. 15 verse 19), and "And it
is He (Allâh) who Madd the Ardh (Earth)" (Surah No. 13, verse
3).
The Qur’anic verses, "And Anzalna Al-Hadid (Iron), in which is Great might", can refer to the followings: Great binding gravitational
potential energy. Also the interior
Earth’s core is a crystal having lowest potential energy; that corresponds to
maximum binding energy. Also the molten outer core has a high thermal
energy. This Verse, as reads in Arabic,
is actually indicating and implying all of these various issues and even more.
II. G.
Gravitational and Thermal Energies of Iron Forming Earth’s Core
The changing thickness
of the earth's crust indicates a constant cooling, which indicates that the
heat was created at the beginning of the earth's formation. About a billion years ago, all of the continents had come together
forming a large super continent called Pangaea (Pangaea). This is part of various
meanings that the following verse can indicate; in which case ardh means
land: "Do not the
Unbelievers see that the Samawat (plural of Sama) and the Ardh
were Ratq (joined, coupled), before We Fatq (clove asunder,
decoupled) them?" (Surat Al-Anbiyaa
No. 21, verse 30).
There
were no mountains at that time. An "ice age" caused the whole land
mass to be covered with ice destroying all terrestrial life. The absence of mountains means the tectonic plates were very thin
and light. If they were as thick and heavy as modern plates, they would have
buckled and slid over and under each other as they collided to form Pangaea,
and mountains would have been the result. Since the plates were thin and
light, they just welded together as they collided: "And
The Ardh (earth), later on, hath He daha * He extracted from it its water and
its pasture * And the mountains hath he firmly
fixed)". (Surah 79, verses 30-32).
The extraction of earths water contributed to its cooling off, which in
turn enhanced the mountains formation.
For
example, a significant earthquake occurred in central South Dakota in 1983.
Earthquakes were supposed to be impossible in the area, because there is
supposedly one continuous sheet of granite under the entire state. Earth
quakes are caused by two plates sliding past each other. It means there are
two plates which fit together so precisely that they look like one. This
conclusion is reinforced by the fact that there are two very distinct soil
types above each plate.
So the tectonic plates were thin and light in earlier times, and
now they are getting thick and heavy. This means the earth is losing heat, and
the heat in the earth's core must have been there at the beginning of the
earth's creation. The heat apparently resulted from small particles gravitating
toward a center, and the process of colliding and compressing created heat
through friction. Again, this is
indicated by the word Madd in the Qur’anic verses (Omari: Earths Madd, Arabic translation): "And the Ardh (Earth) We have Madd it; And set thereon fixing mountains standing
firm" (Surah No. 50 verse 7; Surah No. 15 verse 19), and the
verse "And it is He (Allâh) who Madd the Ardh (Earth); And set thereon fixing mountains standing firm, and
rivers" (Surah No. 13, verse 3). Here, Madd can mean
accretion. It also means Inflation,
which increases both: Earth’s surface and its cooling rate, and as a result
mountains are formed. Earths contraction
as a result of cooling is also indicated by the verse "See
they not that We gradually reduce the Ardh (Earth, land)
from its outlying border?" (Surat Ar-Ra’d No.13, verse 41).
Additional
evidence is in the observation that planets which are farther away from the sun
are losing heat faster than they are acquiring it from the sun. They apparently
acquired their heat during their creation.
Heat in the core of
planets cannot be entirely due to nuclear reactions, because that source would
require a gradual build-up rather than a gradual loss of heat. However, nuclear
reactions could be occurring in the core, because heat and pressure should
promote them. But then they must be producing heat at a lower rate than it is
being lost through radiation into space. Otherwise, there would not be the
observed cool-down.
II. H.
Very Stable Iron
The
nuclear binding energy per nucleon has a maximum value for iron 56 and nearby
elements (; ). So iron has a very
stable nuclear structure. With the
stable iron being the dominant element in Earths core, > 90%, the life on
planet Earth will be safe. Those facts
are implicit in the Verse: "And Anzalna Al-Hadid (Iron), in
which is Great might, as well as many benefits for mankind" (Surat
Al-Hadid (Iron) No. 57, verse 25).
Also, iron
is an element that can help promote a healthy and efficient immune system. It
is a component of enzymes found within immune cells that chew up foreign
substances. Iron is also involved in the entire process of respiration. It is
needed for oxidative phosphorylation and
is a key component in hemoglobin (http://www.eniva.com/products/mfl_iron.html).
II. I. Earths Core and Magnetic Field
Using meteorites and seismological evidence as clues,
scientists have known that the Earth has a solid, mostly iron, inner core and a
molten outer core with a mantle and crust of rocky, silicate material. The solid inner core of iron is the size of
the Moon, and the outer liquid core rich in iron is the size of Mars. The evidence of an irregular boundary between
the liquid core and the bottom of the rocky mantle comes mostly from studying
how seismic waves travel through the earth (http://www.llnl.gov/str/Minarik.html).
Most
scientists agree that Earth's magnetic field arises from convection currents in
the liquid outer core, a good conductor of electricity. These currents
constitute an amplifying, self-sustaining "geodynamo." Convection probably
starts as iron crystallizes on the surface of the inner core, about
Here the lighter
components cool and condense as slushy sediments. Muller theorizes that tens of
meters of these buoyant sediments accumulate each million years,
"falling" upward onto the uneven topography at the base of the
mantle. Even if the slopes of the Core-Mantle Boundary hills are shallow, like
sand dunes; eventually the sediments will slip and slide.
"It's
a little like an avalanche on the sea floor, where mud mixes with water,
causing turbidity flow," Muller says (Muller, 2002). The turbid mixture of
cool sediments and hot liquid iron causes cooled-off, denser iron to sink
back toward the inner core; which is likely indicated by the word Anzalna from the verse.
High-temperature,
high-pressure experiments conducted by University of Chicago scientists, led by
Jung-Fu Lin, suggest that the Earth's inner core largely consists of two exotic
forms of iron instead of only one. These
exotic forms of iron now appear to be alloyed with silicon.
"Earth
may not be quite as simple as we think in its very deepest parts," said
Dion Heinz, Associate Professor in Geophysical Sciences. Lin, Heinz, and fellow
University of Chicago co-authors Andrew Campbell, James Devine and Guoyin Shen
report their findings in today's issue of the journal Science. Scientists had previously deduced that
Earth's core consists largely of iron.
"Meteorites tell us that iron is a very abundant element in the
solar system," Heinz said. The Earth's magnetic field further indicates
that the core must be made of a conducting substance. Iron is the only
element that is abundant enough and which also conducts at the high pressures
and temperatures characteristic of Earth's core. This is likely indicated by the word Anzalna from the verse.
Seismologists
have noticed that there has to be about 10 percent weight of a lighter element
in the outer core and anywhere from zero to 4 percent weight of a lighter
element in the inner core," Heinz explained. The
lighter element in the core could be oxygen, sulfur, silicon, hydrogen or
carbon. "Oxygen, sulfur and silicon
are the three most-studied light elements," Lin said. "Hydrogen and
carbon aren't well-studied, yet some studies have shown that these two elements
can be ruled out because of their high-pressure properties."
A 1995 study by
researchers at the University of California, Santa Cruz, seemed to rule out
silicon, as well. That study was based on a compound containing an equal amount
of iron and silicon. But it
now appears that a lesser proportion of silicon is more appropriate for
understanding the possible effect of silicon on the properties of iron under
conditions at Earth's core. The Chicago study now makes silicon the leading
candidate, Lin said, because of its high level of abundance in the solar
system, because it more readily alloys with iron, and because of its ability to
lower the density of iron under high pressure. The word Anzalna in the verse might also points to the ability of silicon to lower
density of iron under high pressure.
III. Scholars and Interpreters of Inzal the
Iron
“Iron has great might” means:
Arms like swords, knives, shields, arrows, etc. “It has benefits for mankind”
mean: Tools to be used for making a living, axe, spade, knife, needle, saw and
all other machines used for ploughing, cooking, weaving and making bread (Ibn
Katheer, IV:403; al-Tabri, 1995 vol. 27, pp.
207-08). There is a “great might” in
iron, and many benefits for mankind. The benefits include what people need when
they confront their enemies; like arms and ammunition.
Also, in the translation
of the meaning of Qur’an (Mushaf Al-Madinah, p 1697), the statement “in which
is (material for) mighty war” is a translation to what some commentators said;
while trying to explain this Verse. This
statement is actually nothing but one of many aspects that the Verse can
address at a time. Also Al-Hilali
translates it differently (Al-Hilali, 1398 Hijri, p 994). For us being aware of various scientific
facts, we can achieve a better understanding of such a Verse, addressing clear
physical facts. The more knowledge we
have, the better and more accurate understanding to Qur’an is gained.
IV. Hell and Iron Maces
Nonbelievers' punishment is described by the
verse: "In addition there will be maces of iron (to punish) them."
(Verse 21, Al-Hajj No. 22). With iron
having maximum binding energy per nucleon, it can tolerate the extremely high
temperature of Hell fire, and it will be the most abundant element in
Hell. As such, Qur'an says: “maces of
iron”. The
nonbelievers are beaten and stuck on their
heads with tools made of iron by Hell’s guardian angels if those unbelievers
are to attempt to get out and leave Hell; so they’ll be immortal there (al-Tabri,
1995, XVII: 177).
Tools of iron are used to despise the unbelievers and make them unable to
escape or find an exit. The verse also points to the fact that iron is the most
abundant element in hell. Because of its “great might”, iron is the most
endurable element for the hell’s high temperature; because of its high nuclear
binding energy.
It will be said to unbelievers: "Thou wast heedless of this, now have We removed thy
veil, and iron is thy sight this Day!" (Surah No. 50, verse 22). “Thou wast heedless of this” means: of this
day, the Day of Judgment where everyone including the unbelievers have iron
(sharp) is their sight. Of course, the unbelievers wouldn’t benefit anything
from having this iron (sharp) sight. On Doomsday, your sight will be very sharp
and aware about all matters that were ambiguous and unclear in this life. In
another interpretation, the unbelievers will have iron sight but soon will be
blind to recognize anything (al-Qurtubi,
1996. Vol. 27, p. 12).
Since
eye is a mean of recognition, realization and comprehension, it seems that on
the hereafter, the eye of the nonbelievers is made of iron literally not
figuratively; so that the individual will be able to recognize all various
types of torture and pain inflicted in hell.
Iron has the maximum binding energy per nucleon, and whence is qualified
to tolerate the extremely high temperatures in hell. If the eye is made of flesh and blood, it
won’t be able to see various inflicted pains and tortures. Allâh says: “Those who reject Our Signs, We shall
soon cast into the Fire; as often as their skins are roasted through, We shall
change them for fresh skins, that they may taste the Penalty: for Allah is
Exalted in Power, Wise.”. Moreover, the nonbelievers human eye in its present state won’t see in
Hell; because of the high temperature; where emitted photons will be gamma and
(or) hard x-ray.
CONCLUSION
This Qur’anic Verse “(And Anzalna
Al-Hadid (Iron), in which is Great might
as well as many benefits for mankind” has a number of implications: Iron accumulates in cores of high mass old
stars. The iron core collapses to form a
degenerate neutron star. Consequently, a
shock wave moves through the infalling stellar material and completely disrupts
the star. The Verse also directs attention to the fact that high energy is
required to produce chemical elements higher than iron; endothermic
reaction. The verse also emphasizes the
extraction of iron from cores of massive old dying stars. Both processes require a high energy provided
by the supernova explosion. Finally,
iron and other elements are sent to form our solar system. Iron A=56 and nearby elements have maximum
binding energy per nucleon (Figure, Figure). Iron and nickel nuclei have the
largest binding energies per nucleon as compared to all nuclei. The fusion of two nuclei to produce an
element having lower mass than iron generally releases energy, while the fusion
of nuclei to produce an element heavier than iron absorbs energy. Reactions producing
elements having A = 57 are endothermic.
This is implied by the number of the Surah; 57. The atomic number of iron; 26; exceeds the number of the Verse;
25; by one. This difference “one” might
direct attention to the process of inverse beta decay; which leads to the
removal of the support that had been provided to the inert core: 
.
Inverse beta decay is one of the steps in nuclear fusion processes that produce energy inside
stars.
This Verse, as reads in
Arabic, is actually implying that much higher temperatures were required to
separate the Earth's core and mantle; temperatures high enough to melt most of
the Earth. The Verse points to the deep
gravitational potential energy of the iron Earth’s
core, and its great thermal energy as well.
The Verse might also indicate the ability of silicon to lower density of
iron under high pressure.
Iron is
essential for earth’s magnetic field; which helps to determine directions. Also field’s geometry, magnetic mirror, is
important for protection from harmful cosmic rays (figure, figure). Earthquakes are caused by two plates sliding
past each other, which can be caused by hot iron convective currents in the
outer core “in which is Great might”.
NOTES:-