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Cosmic
Microwave Background Radiation Linked to Some Verses from Qur-an
أ.
د. حسين يوسف راشد عمري
rashed@mutah.edu.jo
قسم
الفيزياء/ جامعة مؤتة/ الأردن
Some
Qur'anic verses and their interpretation is incorporated into this topic, which
is taken primarily from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (httpCosmic microwave background radiation
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).
The
CMBR is not even in the optical range.
توسُع البناء
السَماوي (Omari 2002):
- (وَالسَّمَاءَ بَنَيْنَاهَا
بِأَيْيدٍ وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ * وَالأرْضَ فَرَشْنَاهَا فَنِعْمَ الْمَاهِدُونَ) ]
48-47 الذّاريات[. لقد أجمل الفخر الرّازي (110) معظم آراء المفسِّرين في الآية فقال : (وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ) فيه وجوه.... وقال بعض المفسّرين : (وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ) أي بناءها فالجملة حاليّة أي: بنيناها بتوسيعها 111)-(114 ، وقيل خلقناها بقوّة وقدرة ونحن قادرون على أن نوسِّعها كما نريد 115)-(117 . وقيل أي رفعناها بقوّة 118)،(119
. (وَإِنَّا
لَمُوسِعُونَ) قيل
: أي لقادرون على الإيساع،
كما أوسعنا بناءها 120)-(122.
توسّع وتمدّد البناء السّماوي المظلم
إنّ المعارف الفلكيّة المعاصرة تقول
بتمدّد الكون اعتماداً على
الإزاحة الحمراء (Red Shift) الحاصلة للأطياف النّجميّة الواصلة إلى الأرض (123)
. ويقصد بالإزاحة الحمراء أنّ الطول الموجي المرصود أكبر من الطول الموجي المنبعث،
وهذا مؤشّر على تباعد المصدر الإشعاعي
(123).
أمّا البناء السّماوي ، فيشكل
جزءاً كبيراً من
المادة المظلمة الباردة، وكذلك الأرضين
السّبع، فهي ضروريّة لتماسك واجتماع النّجوم داخل المجرّة
الواحدة، وضروريّة لاجتماع المجرّات ضمن العنقود المجرِّي (Cluster): (وَالسَّمَاءَ
بَنَيْنَاهَا بِأَيْيدٍ وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ * وَالأرْضَ فَرَشْنَاهَا فَنِعْمَ الْمَاهِدُونَ). ففي كلّ لحظة
يتمّ فرش الأرض (الأرضين السّبع : الحاضن
الجاذبي للمجرّات) ومهادها ، مما يسفر عن التباعد المستمرّ بين المجرّات. وعلى الرّغم من الحاجة الماسّة لبناء السّماء المظلم ولمادة الأرضين السّبع،
والبحث الحثيث عن أشكال المادّة
المعتمة، إلاَّ أن
علماء الفلك لم
يهتدوا لوجود بناء السّماء بعد، فضلاً عن أن يقولوا بتمدّده (124): (وَجَعَلْنَا السَّمَاءَ سَقْفًا مَحْفُوظًا وَهُمْ
عَنْ آيَاتِهَا مُعْرِضُونَ) (الأنبياء 32 ).
لعلَّ قوله سبحانه (وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ) من قبيل قوله سبحانه (فَنِعْمَ الْمَاهِدُونَ)؛ فالرّبّ يمجّد نفسه في كلتيهما: كما أنَّ الخالق سبحانه
وتعالى يبيِّنٌ قدرته وسعته
والّتي تتجلّى في خلق السّماء وتوسعته لها. هذا وقد جاء في البحر المحيط (وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ) أي بناءها فالجملة حاليّة أي بنيناها موسعوها كقوله جاء
زيد وإنّه لمسرع أي مسرعاً (114-111).
إنّ صيغة الفعل الماضي لا تعني بالضرورة حدوث الفعل وانتهائه، بل قد تفيد
المستقبل أحياناً،
كما في قوله تعالى: (وَجَاءَ رَبُّكَ وَالْمَلَكُ صَفًّا
صَفًّا) [
الفجر آية 22 ]. ومن منظور آخر، فإنّ الآية (وَالسَّمَاءَ بَنَيْنَاهَا
بِأَيْيدٍ وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ) فيها استمرارية، وبالتالي فالخالق سبحانه قادر وذو سعة
يرزق خلقه في كل حين، كما أنّه يوسع بناء السّماء في كلّ لحظة. هذا وقد دلّ ظاهر الآية على أنّ السماء واسعة عندما خلقها الله عزّ
وجلّ، ولا مانع من أنّ التوسّع فيها دائم مستمر حتى فناء الكون يوم القيامة، وإبداله
بكون آخر (يَوْمَ تُبَدَّلُ الأرْضُ غَيْرَ الأرْضِ وَالسَّمَاوَاتُ
وَبَرَزُوا لِلَّهِ الْوَاحِدِ الْقَهَّارِ) [ إبراهيم آية 48
]. علماً أنّ
تصور سعة السّماء من الوضوح والجلاء
ومعروفة بالضرورة لكلّ إنسان مبصر، فإنّ معنى الاستمرارية في التوسعة يتبادر إلى الذهن من الآية
نفسها، وليس في الآية ثمة دليل على حصر التوسعة على وصف البناء عند خلقه، لأنّ قوله تعالى (وَإِنَّا
لَمُوسِعُونَ)
مطلق غير مقيد بزمن أو حال أو صفة. ويؤكّد
ذلك قوله تعالى: (إِنَّا نَحْنُ نَزَّلْنَا الذِّكْرَ
وَإِنَّا لَهُ لَحَافِظُونَ) [ الحِجْر آية 9 ]. فالحفظ قطعاً صفة ملازمة
للذكر المنزّل، المحفوظ استمراراً على
مدى الزمان والمكان، وهذا الحفظ متعيّن محسوس مشاهد. ويدلّ على ذلك قوله تعالى : (وَأَنزَلْنَا
مِنْ السَّمَاءِ مَاءً بِقَدَرٍ فَأَسْكَنَّاهُ فِي الأرْضِ وَإِنَّا عَلَى
ذَهَابٍ بِهِ لَقَادِرُونَ) [
المؤمنون آية 18 ].
فصفة القدرة ثابتة مستقرة مستمرة، ولا يمكن تقييدها بزمن الإنزال فحسب، وإلا اختلّ معنى القدرة.
ويدلّ على ذلك
أيضاً قوله تعالى: (فَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ مِنْ الصَّالِحَاتِ وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ فَلا كُفْرَانَ لِسَعْيِهِ
وَإِنَّا لَهُ كَاتِبُونَ) [الأنبياء 94].
فالكتابة حاصلة لكلّ مكلّف، ولا
يمكن تقييدها بزمن معيّن. بل هي تمتدّ إلى
ما بعد الوفاة بسبب الصّدقة
الجارية أو العلم النافع أو الولد الصالح، كما وتمتد إلى يوم القيامة بفعل السّنّة
الحسنة.
وكما هو معلومٌ، فإنّ صيغة اسم الفاعل الواردة (حافظون،
قادرون، كاتبون) تدلُّ على الاستمرارية والانعتاق من الزّمن.
وعلى سبيل المقابلة، ففي القرآن الكريم آيات دلت على تقييد الفعل بزمن ووصف
معيّنين . ومن ذلك قوله تعالى (وَدَاوُودَ وَسُلَيْمَانَ إِذْ يَحْكُمَانِ فِي
الْحَرْثِ إِذْ نَفَشَتْ فِيهِ غَنَمُ الْقَوْمِ وَكُنَّا لِحُكْمِهِمْ
شَاهِدِينَ * فَفَهَّمْنَاهَا سُلَيْمَانَ وَكُلاًّ آتَيْنَا حُكْمًا وَعِلْمًا
وَسَخَّرْنَا مَعَ دَاوُودَ الْجِبَالَ يُسَبِّحْنَ وَالطَّيْرَ وَكُنَّا
فَاعِلِينَ * وَعَلَّمْنَاهُ صَنْعَةَ لَبُوسٍ
لَكُمْ لِتُحْصِنَكُمْ مِنْ بَأْسِكُمْ فَهَلْ أَنْتُمْ شَاكِرُونَ * وَلِسُلَيْمَانَ الرِّيحَ عَاصِفَةً تَجْرِي بِأَمْرِهِ إِلَى الأرْضِ الَّتِي بَارَكْنَا فِيهَا وَكُنَّا
بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَالِمِينَ *
وَمِنْ الشَّيَاطِينِ مَنْ يَغُوصُونَ لَهُ وَيَعْمَلُونَ عَمَلاً دُونَ ذَلِكَ وَكُنَّا لَهُمْ
حَافِظِينَ) [الأنبياء 82-78 ] . هذا وإنّ قصر الآية على معنى واحد هو تحجيم لمعاني القرآن وإخلال بإعجازه وبآياته الباهرة التي يجلّيها سبحانه لخلقه
وعلى مرّ الزّمن. وإنّ كلّ معنى يتجلّى في ضوء تطوّر العلوم الثابتة مقبول أيضاً. ولا بدّ من التّنويه في هذا المقام إلى أنّ بعض المفسّرين المعاصرين مثل سعيد
حوى قد أشاروا إلى تمدّد الكون في معرض تفسيرهم للآية الكريمة، يقول المؤلف رحمه
الله (وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ) هذه
السماء باطّراد، فهي دائماً في توسع أو قد
جعلناها واسعة (128). وقد جاء في
المنتخب (129) بأنّ الآية (وإنّا لموسعون): "تشير
إلى تلك السعة المذهلة التي عليها الكون منذ خلقه. كما أنّها
تشير إلى أنّ التوسعة مستمرة على الزمن". وكما سبق
ذكره، فإنّ من السّابقين كذلك من أشار إلى نفس الأمر (120-122).
هذا وإنّ قوله
سبحانه (أَأَنْتُمْ أَشَدُّ خَلْقًا أَمْ السَّمَاءُ
بَنَاهَا * رَفَعَ سَمْكَهَا فَسَوَّاهَا) [النّازعات 27-28]
ليؤكّد أنّ التسوية نتيجة لرفع السمك، كما ويؤكّد أنّ رفع السّمك والتسوية يحصلان بعد البناء. لذا فإنّ هذه الآية تشير إلى عدم توقّف الرّفع
والتّسوية، ونظيره قوله تعالى (خلقك فسوّاك فعَدَلَك)، فإِنَّ نماء الإنسان مستمرّ مع أنّ الخالق سبحانه وتعالى قد سوّاه وأحسن
خلقه وهو جنين في رحم أمّه. لذا فالتّمدّد
يبقى من مدلولات
النّص القويّة وتؤيّده اللّغة العربيّة.
وعوداً إلى الآيات الكريمة: (ثُمَّ اسْتَوَى إِلَى السَّمَاءِ وَهِيَ دُخَانٌ فَقَالَ لَهَا
وَلِلأرْضِ اِئْتِيَا طَوْعًا أَوْ كَرْهًا قَالَتَا أَتَيْنَا طَائِعِينَ) [فصّلت س 41
آية 11 ] ، الظاهر أنّ المادة التي خلقت
منها السماء كانت دخاناً … وفيه أيضاً أنّه خلق السماوات من أجزاء مظلمة (130).
Ln (41*11/2) /2 = 2.71
لقد كانت درجة
حرارة السّماء مرتفعة وهي في الحالة الدّخانيّة. ثمّ بردت مع رفع السّمك (التّمدّد) بدليل (أَأَنْتُمْ
أَشَدُّ خَلْقًا أَمْ السَّمَاءُ بَنَاهَا * رَفَعَ سَمْكَهَا فَسَوَّاهَا * وَأَغْطَشَ لَيْلَهَا
وَأَخْرَجَ ضُحَاهَا)
[النّازعات الآيات 27-29] .
وتجدر الملاحظة
أنّ الحالة البلوريّة هي الحالة الطبيعيّة لغالبيّة المواد الصّلبة نظراً لأنّ طاقة التركيب المنتظم تكون
أقلّ من الطاقة عند توزيع الذرّات بشكل غير منسّق (131). هذا ويتحوّل كثير من المواد عادة إلى الحالة
البلّوريّة عند تعرّضها لعمليّة التليين (annealing)،
وهي عمليّة تسخين ثمّ تبريد بطيء منتظم، وتؤدّي هذه العمليّة كذلك إلى تحسين
البناء البلّوري وتقليل العيوب فيه (131).
وهذا ما يحدث تماماً
للبناء السّماوي. فإنّ مزيد الرّفع لبناء
السّماء هو مزيد تسوية (رَفَعَ سَمْكَهَا فَسَوَّاهَا) [النّازعات آية 28]، حيث يتعرّض البناء للتّسخين من قبل المجرّات وللتّبريد البطيء
المنتظم والمستمرّ نتيجة للتّمدّد، ممّا يؤدّي إلى مزيدٍ من تحسين التركيب البلّوري لبناء
السّماء. وممّا يشير إلى هذا الرّباط الوثيق بين النّجوم والسّماء الحديث الشّريف
: حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ وَإِسْحَقُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ
وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ بْنِ أَبَانَ كُلُّهُمْ عَنْ حُسَيْنٍ قَالَ أَبُو
بَكْرٍ حَدَّثَنَا حُسَيْنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ الْجُعْفِيُّ عَنْ مُجَمَّعِ بْنِ
يَحْيَى عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي بُرْدَةَ عَنْ أَبِي بُرْدَةَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ قَالَ
صَلَّيْنَا الْمَغْرِبَ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهم عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ
ثُمَّ قُلْنَا لَوْ جَلَسْنَا حَتَّى نُصَلِّيَ مَعَهُ الْعِشَاءَ قَالَ
فَجَلَسْنَا فَخَرَجَ عَلَيْنَا فَقَالَ مَا زِلْتُمْ هَاهُنَا قُلْنَا يَا
رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّيْنَا مَعَكَ الْمَغْرِبَ ثُمَّ قُلْنَا نَجْلِسُ حَتَّى
نُصَلِّيَ مَعَكَ الْعِشَاءَ قَالَ أَحْسَنْتُمْ أَوْ أَصَبْتُمْ قَالَ فَرَفَعَ
رَأْسَهُ إِلَى السَّمَاءِ وَكَانَ كَثِيرًا مِمَّا يَرْفَعُ رَأْسَهُ إِلَى
السَّمَاءِ فَقَالَ النُّجُومُ أَمَنَةٌ لِلسَّمَاءِ فَإِذَا ذَهَبَتِ النُّجُومُ
أَتَى السَّمَاءَ مَا تُوعَدُ وَأَنَا أَمَنَةٌ لأَصْحَابِي فَإِذَا ذَهَبْتُ أَتَى أَصْحَابِي مَا
يُوعَدُونَ وَأَصْحَابِي أَمَنَةٌ لأَمَّتِي فَإِذَا ذَهَبَ أَصْحَابِي أَتَى أُمَّتِي مَا
يُوعَدُونَ (132). الأمَنَةُ والأمن والأمان بمعنى واحد. ومعنى الحديث أنّه ما دامت النجوم باقية
فالسّماء باقية. فَإِذَا انكدرت النّجوم وتناثرت في القيامة وهنت السّماء فانفطرت
وانشقت وذهبت. ويؤكّد هذا الآية الكريمة (فَقَضَاهُنَّ سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ فِي
يَوْمَيْنِ وَأَوْحَى فِي كُلِّ سَمَاءٍ أَمْرَهَا وَزَيَّنَّا السَّمَاءَ
الدُّنْيَا بِمَصَابِيحَ وَحِفْظًا ذَلِكَ تَقْدِيرُ الْعَزِيزِ الْعَلِيمِ) [فصّلت آية 12].
فإنّ الآية تصرّح أنّ نجوم السّماء ومجرّاتها زينة للسَّمَاءَ وَحِفْظًا من الفطور
، أمّا الّذي يحفظ من استراق السّمع فهو الشّهاب (مادة النجم) لا النّجم نفسه (فأتبعه شهاب ثاقب) [الصًافات آية 10] . هذا وتعكس الأرصاد الفلكيّة تلازما بين
المادّتين المضيئة والمعتمة . ولم يتحدّد
بعد ما إذا كان هذا التلازم حقيقيّا ، أم أنّه مجرّد انعكاس لكون المادّة المضيئة
هي الدّليل على تواجد المادّة المظلمة. وعوداً للآية (رَفَعَ سَمْكَهَا فَسَوَّاهَا * وَأَغْطَشَ لَيْلَهَا وَأَخْرَجَ ضُحَاهَا) [النّازعات آية 28-29] ، فإنّ التّفسير الفلكي لظلمة
الليل (وَأَغْطَشَ لَيْلَهَا) هو
التّمدّد الذي ينتج عنه تبرّد الكون ومجانبته لحالة الاتّزان الحراري الثيرموديناميكي (133) ، وهذا التّفسير ينسجم مع الآية .
Cosmic microwave background radiation
In cosmology, cosmic microwave background
(CMB) radiation (also CMBR, CBR, MBR, and relic radiation) is a form of electromagnetic radiation
filling the universe.[1]
With a traditional optical telescope, the space between
stars and galaxies (the background) is pitch black (ظلام دامس).
(وَأَغْطَشَ لَيْلَهَا وَأَخْرَجَ ضُحَاهَا) [النّازعات 29].
[27] What! Are
ye the more difficult to create or the Samaa (Firmaments) (above)? (Allah) hath
constructed it: [28] On high hath He raised its canopy, and He hath given it
order and perfection. [29] Its night doth He endow with darkness, and its
splendour doth He bring out (with sun light).
(الَّذِي
خَلَقَ سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ طِبَاقًا مَا تَرَى فِي خَلْقِ الرَّحْمَانِ مِنْ
تَفَاوُتٍ فَارْجِعْ الْبَصَرَ هَلْ تَرَى مِنْ فُطُورٍ * ثُمَّ ارْجِعْ الْبَصَرَ
كَرَّتَيْنِ يَنقَلِبْ إِلَيْكَ الْبَصَرُ خَاسِئًا وَهُوَ حَسِيرٌ) [ الملك 3-4].
تشير الآية إلى انعدام إمكانية الرؤية البصرية (Optical) لأيّ تفاوت.
[3] He Who
created the seven Samawat (sky, Firmament) one above another: no want of proportion wilt
thou see in the Creation of (Allah) Most Gracious. So turn thy vision again:
seest thou any flaw? [4] Again turn thy
vision a second time: (thy) vision will come back to thee dull and discomfited,
in a state worn out.
The verse
declares that it is impossible to detect any optical variations from Samaa'. Today, the CMB radiation is very cold, only
2.725° above absolute
zero, thus this radiation shines primarily in the microwave portion
of the electromagnetic
spectrum, and is invisible to the naked eye. However, it fills the
universe and can be detected everywhere we look. In fact, if we could see
microwaves, the entire sky would glow with a brightness that was astonishingly
uniform in every direction. With a radio
telescope, there is a faint background glow, almost exactly the same
in all directions, that is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other
object. This glow is strongest in the microwave
region of the radio spectrum, hence the name cosmic microwave background
radiation.
(الَّذِي خَلَقَ سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ طِبَاقًا مَا
تَرَى فِي خَلْقِ الرَّحْمَانِ مِنْ تَفَاوُتٍ فَارْجِعْ الْبَصَرَ هَلْ تَرَى
مِنْ فُطُورٍ * ثُمَّ ارْجِعْ الْبَصَرَ كَرَّتَيْنِ يَنقَلِبْ إِلَيْكَ
الْبَصَرُ خَاسِئًا وَهُوَ حَسِيرٌ) [ الملك 3-4].
[3] He Who created the seven Samawat (sky, Firmament) one
above another: no want of proportion wilt thou see in the Creation of (Allah)
Most Gracious. So turn thy vision again: seest thou any flaw? [4] Again turn thy vision a second time:
(thy) vision will come back to thee dull and discomfited, in a state worn out.
The CMB's discovery
in 1964 by radio astronomers Arno
Penzias and Robert Wilson[2]
was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s, and earned them the 1978 Nobel Prize.
The CMBR is well
explained by the Big Bang model: When the universe was young,
before the formation of stars and planets, it was smaller, much hotter,
وتؤكّد الآيات والأحاديث أنَّ السّموات
والأرض كانتا رتقاً عند بداية الخلق: (أَوَلَمْ يَرَ
الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَنَّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ كَانَتَا رَتْقًا
فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا وَجَعَلْنَا مِنَ الْمَاءِ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ حَيٍّ أَفَلَا
يُؤْمِنُونَ) [الأنبياء 30]. وأمّا الآن فهنَّ بسط وفتق (عمري 2004 : الأرضون السّبع).
"Do
not the Unbelievers see that the Samawat (plural of Sama: upper part of universe) and the Ardh (lower - interior - part of the Universe) were Ratq
(joined, coupled), before We Fatq (clove asunder, decoupled) them?" (Surat
Al-Anbiyaa No. 21, verse 30).
Universe was filled
with a uniform glow from its white-hot fog of hydrogen plasma.
(ثُمَّ اسْتَوَى إِلَى السَّمَاءِ وَهِيَ دُخَانٌ فَقَالَ لَهَا
وَلِلأرْضِ اِئْتِيَا طَوْعًا أَوْ كَرْهًا قَالَتَا أَتَيْنَا طَائِعِينَ) [فصّلت آية 11
].
Allâh says: "Moreover, He comprehended in His design the Sama (upper part of universe), and it had been smoke: He said to it and
to Ardh (lower - interior - part of the Universe; not earth): 'Come ye,
willingly or unwillingly.' They said: 'We do come, in willing obedience'. So He completed them as seven firmaments in two Days
(periods) …" (Surah 41,
Verses 11-12).
As the universe
expanded, both the plasma and the radiation filling it grew cooler.
Expansion is referred to
by:
- (وَالسَّمَاءَ
بَنَيْنَاهَا بِأَيْيدٍ وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ * وَالأرْضَ فَرَشْنَاهَا فَنِعْمَ الْمَاهِدُونَ) ]
48-47 الذّاريات[.
" We have built The Sama
- Firmament - with might, We indeed Have vast power; to create the vastness of
Space and continue to expand it * And We have spread out Ardh - Ground;
interior or lower part of the Universe; the dark matter holding the galaxies -:
How excellently We do spread out" (Surah
No. 51, verse 47- 48).
Cooling is referred to by:
لقد كانت درجة حرارة السّماء مرتفعة وهي في الحالة الدّخانيّة . ثمّ بردت مع
رفع السّمك (التّمدّد) بدليل الآية:
The temperature of Samaa - Firmament – was
hot. It then cooled down due to expansion,
as indicated by the verse:
(أَأَنْتُمْ أَشَدُّ خَلْقًا أَمْ السَّمَاءُ بَنَاهَا * رَفَعَ سَمْكَهَا
فَسَوَّاهَا * وَأَغْطَشَ لَيْلَهَا وَأَخْرَجَ ضُحَاهَا) [النّازعات الآيات 27-29] (عمري 2002
: بناء السماء).
[27] What! Are
ye the more difficult to create or the Samaa (Firmaments) (above)? (Allah) hath
constructed it: [28] On high hath He raised its canopy, and He hath given it
order and perfection. [29] Its night doth He endow with darkness, and its
splendour doth He bring out (with sun light).
When the universe
cooled enough, stable atoms could form. These atoms could no longer absorb the thermal
radiation, and the universe became transparent instead of being an
opaque fog. This is indicated by the
verse:
(أَوَلَمْ يَرَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَنَّ السَّمَاوَاتِ
وَالْأَرْضَ كَانَتَا رَتْقًا فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا وَجَعَلْنَا مِنَ الْمَاءِ كُلَّ
شَيْءٍ حَيٍّ أَفَلَا يُؤْمِنُونَ) [الأنبياء 30].
"Do
not the Unbelievers see that the Samawat (plural of Sama: upper part of universe) and the Ardh (lower - interior - part of the Universe) were Ratq
(joined, coupled), before We Fatq (clove asunder, decoupled) them?" (Surat
Al-Anbiyaa No. 21, verse 30).
The photons that
existed at that time have been propagating ever since, though growing fainter
and less energetic, since the exact same photons fill a greater and greater
universe. This is the source for the term relic radiation, another name
for the CMBR.
Precise measurements
of cosmic background radiation are critical to cosmology, since any proposed
model of the universe must explain this radiation. The CMBR has a thermal black body
spectrum at a temperature of 2.725 K, thus the spectrum peaks in the microwave
range frequency of 160.2 GHz, corresponding to a 1.9 mm wavelength.[nb
1]
ويمتاز الجسم الأسود بأنه
باعث جيد للإشعاع (good emitter)، وهذا بعض مما تتضمنه
الآية الكريمة: (وَالسَّمَاءِ
ذَاتِ الرَّجْعِ) (الطارق آية 11) ، على اعتبار أنّ السّماء
هنا هي البناء.
The blackbody is characterized by being a good
emitter, which is likely to be among things indicated by the following verse:
(By the Firmament which returns ), (Surah 86, verse 11)
The blackbody is characterized by being hot; in
order to achieve thermodynamic equilibrium.
This is indicated by the verse:
(ثُمَّ اسْتَوَى
إِلَى السَّمَاءِ وَهِيَ دُخَانٌ فَقَالَ لَهَا وَلِلْأَرْضِ ائْتِيَا طَوْعًا
أَوْ كَرْهًا قَالَتَا أَتَيْنَا طَائِعِينَ * فَقَضَاهُنَّ سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ فِي يَوْمَيْنِ) [فصّلت س 41
آية 11-12 ].
Allâh says: "Moreover, He comprehended in His design the Sama (upper part of universe), and it had been smoke: He said to it and
to Ardh (lower - interior - part of the Universe; not earth): 'Come ye,
willingly or unwillingly.' They said: 'We do come, in willing obedience'. So He completed them as seven firmaments in two Days
(periods) …" (Surah 41,
Verses 11-12).
The glow is almost
but not quite uniform in all directions, and shows a very
specific pattern equal to that expected if the inherent randomness
of a red-hot gas is blown up to the size of the universe. In particular, the
spatial power spectrum (how much difference is
observed versus how far apart the regions are on the sky) contains small anisotropies,
or irregularities, which vary with the size of the region examined. They have
been measured in detail, and match what would be expected if small thermal
fluctuations had expanded to the size of the observable space we can detect
today.
هذا ولن تتمّ الرؤية البصرية
للبناء السّماوي الطبقي والمسوّى والمصقول بدليل قوله سبحانه :
It is impossible to
observe Samaa - Firmament - in the visual band as indicated by the verse:
(الَّذِي خَلَقَ سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ طِبَاقًا مَا تَرَى فِي
خَلْقِ الرَّحْمَانِ مِنْ تَفَاوُتٍ فَارْجِعْ الْبَصَرَ هَلْ تَرَى مِنْ فُطُورٍ * ثُمَّ ارْجِعْ الْبَصَرَ
كَرَّتَيْنِ يَنقَلِبْ إِلَيْكَ الْبَصَرُ خَاسِئًا وَهُوَ حَسِيرٌ) [ الملك 3-4].
[3] He Who created the
seven Samawat (sky, Firmament) one above another: no want of proportion wilt
thou see in the Creation of (Allah) Most Gracious. So turn thy vision again:
seest thou any flaw? [4] Again turn thy
vision a second time: (thy) vision will come back to thee dull and discomfited,
in a state worn out.
إنّ غياب التفاوت والفطور وتمام التسوية
جعلت من بناء السّماء جرماً هائلاً ضخماً، أملساً، مصقولاً (94-89) ، ومتجانساً (Homogeneous)،
ومتماثل المناحي الاتّجاهيّة (Isotropic). وبالتالي
فلعلّ بناء السّماء ( شكل) هو مصدر إشعاع الخلفيّة الكوني الميكرويّ (Cosmic
Microwave Background Radiation) (شكل ، شكل ، شكل)
الذي يمتلك في جميع المناحي والاتّجاهات درجة الحرارة (Mather et al. 1999, ApJ, 512,
511):
( شكل ، شكل). تمثّل الألوان التغاير
الطّفيف في درجة حرارة إشعاع الخلفيّة: المناطق الحمراء أسخن، بينما الزرقاء أبرد
بمقدار 0.0002 درجة (http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/wmap_five.html).
يعكس تردّد إشعاع الخلفيّة انخفاض درجة حرارة بناء
السّماء، وبالتالي يشير إلى انعدام إمكانيّة الرؤية البصريّة للبناء (125).
ومن إعجاز هذه الآية
الكريمة أنّ موقع كلمة تفاوت يحدّ درجة حرارة إشعاع
الخلفية الكوني (2.7K) : رقم الآية 3، وعدد كلماتها 18 وترتيب كلمة تفاوت في
هذه الآية هو 12. وبحساب بسيط :
Among
the miraculous aspects of this verse is that the location of the word
(Tafawote: flaw) determines the temperature (2.7K) of the
CMBR. The number of the verse is 3, and
it has a total of 18 words, and the order of the word (Tafawote: flaw)
is 12. Calculation based on words counting
gives
ولو حسبنا الحروف لحصلنا على الرقم:
Calculation
based on letters counting gives:
This
number is almost the same as the temperature of the CMBR.
وبالتالي
فإنّ هذا نوع من الإعجاز العلمي والإعجاز العددي؛ إذ تشير الآية وبأكثر من وجه إلى
التغاير الطفيف في إشعاع الخلفية الكوني، والذي يعكس تسوية البناء السماوي.
Although many
different processes might produce the general form of a black body spectrum, no
model other than the Big Bang has yet explained the fluctuations. As
a result, most cosmologists consider the Big Bang model of the universe to be
the best explanation for the CMBR.
Features
The
cosmic microwave background is isotropic
to roughly one part in 100,000: the root
mean square variations are only 18 µK.[4][nb
2] The Far-Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer
(FIRAS) instrument on the NASA Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite has
carefully measured the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background.
The following verse
declares that it is impossible to detect any optical variations from Samaa'
(Firmament, sky):
[3] He Who created the seven Samawat (sky, Firmament) one
above another: no want of proportion wilt thou see in the Creation of (Allah)
Most Gracious. So turn thy vision again: seest thou any flaw? [4] Again turn thy vision a second time:
(thy) vision will come back to thee dull and discomfited, in a state worn out.
The FIRAS project
members compared the CMB with an internal reference black body
and the spectra agreed to within the experimental error. They concluded that
any deviations from the black body form that might still remain undetected in
the CMB spectrum over the wavelength range from 0.5 to
(الَّذِي خَلَقَ سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ طِبَاقًا مَا تَرَى فِي
خَلْقِ الرَّحْمَانِ مِنْ تَفَاوُتٍ فَارْجِعْ الْبَصَرَ هَلْ تَرَى مِنْ فُطُورٍ * ثُمَّ ارْجِعْ الْبَصَرَ
كَرَّتَيْنِ يَنقَلِبْ إِلَيْكَ الْبَصَرُ خَاسِئًا وَهُوَ حَسِيرٌ) [ الملك 3-4].
[3] He Who
created the seven Samawat (sky, Firmament) one above another: no want of proportion wilt
thou see in the Creation of (Allah) Most Gracious. So turn thy vision again:
seest thou any flaw? [4] Again turn thy
vision a second time: (thy) vision will come back to thee dull and discomfited,
in a state worn out.
هذا وإنّ قوله سبحانه:
(أَأَنْتُمْ أَشَدُّ خَلْقًا أَمْ السَّمَاءُ
بَنَاهَا * رَفَعَ سَمْكَهَا فَسَوَّاهَا) [النّازعات 27-28]
[27] What! Are
ye the more difficult to create or the Samaa (Firmaments) (above)? (Allah) hath
constructed it: [28] On high hath He raised its canopy, and He hath given it
order and perfection.
ليؤكّد أنّ التسوية نتيجة لرفع السمك، كما ويؤكّد أنّ رفع السّمك والتسوية
يحصلان
بعد البناء.
The cosmic microwave
background is perhaps the main prediction of the Big Bang
model. In addition, Inflationary Cosmology predicts
that after about 10−37 seconds[6]
the nascent universe underwent exponential growth that smoothed out
nearly all inhomogeneities.[nb
3][7]
This is indicated by the
verses:
(ثُمَّ اسْتَوَى
إِلَى السَّمَاءِ وَهِيَ دُخَانٌ فَقَالَ لَهَا وَلِلْأَرْضِ ائْتِيَا طَوْعًا أَوْ
كَرْهًا قَالَتَا أَتَيْنَا طَائِعِينَ * فَقَضَاهُنَّ سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ فِي يَوْمَيْنِ) [فصّلت س 41
آية 11-12 ].
Allâh says: "Moreover, He comprehended in His design the Sama (upper part of universe), and it had been smoke: He said to it and
to Ardh (lower - interior - part of the Universe; not earth): 'Come ye,
willingly or unwillingly.' They said: 'We do come, in willing obedience'. So He completed them as seven firmaments in two Days
(periods) …" (Surah 41,
Verses 11-12).
Ln (41*12/2) /2 = 2.753
Ln (7*2) = 2.64
"And We indeed Have vast power; to expand it". This
interprets as: ALLAH constructs Sama via expansion ([i]).
ALLAH create and
elevate Sama with vast force and power, and We
(ALLAH) are able to expand it as We desire ([ii]).
We are able to expand, as We expand its construction ([iii]).
- (وَالسَّمَاءَ بَنَيْنَاهَا بِأَيْيدٍ
وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ * وَالأرْضَ فَرَشْنَاهَا فَنِعْمَ الْمَاهِدُونَ) ]
48-47 الذّاريات[.
Ln (51*47*48*7) = 13.6
Is close to the age of the universe; in units of Billion
years.
" We have built The Sama
- Firmament - with might, We indeed Have vast power; to create the vastness of
Space and continue to expand it * And We have spread out Ardh - Ground;
interior or lower part of the Universe; the dark matter holding the galaxies -:
How excellently We do spread out!" (Surah No. 51, verse 47- 48).
(أَأَنْتُمْ
أَشَدُّ خَلْقًا أَمْ السَّمَاءُ بَنَاهَا * رَفَعَ سَمْكَهَا
فَسَوَّاهَا)
[النّازعات 27-28].
[27] What! Are ye the more difficult to create or the Samaa
(Firmaments) (above)? (Allah) hath constructed it: [28] On high hath He raised
its canopy, and He hath given it order and perfection.) (S. 79)
The exponential
growth was followed by symmetry
breaking; a type of phase transition that set the fundamental forces and elementary particles in their present
form. After 10−6 seconds, the early universe was made up of a
hot plasma of photons, electrons,
and baryons.
The photons were constantly interacting with the plasma through Thomson scattering.
(هُوَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ لَكُمْ مَا فِي الْأَرْضِ جَمِيعًا ثُمَّ
اسْتَوَى إِلَى السَّمَاءِ فَسَوَّاهُنَّ سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ وَهُوَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ
عَلِيمٌ) (البقرة 29).
Ln (29*7)/2 = 2.66
Ln (7*2) = 2.64
وإليك النّص التالي من بحث الأرضين السّبع : (الأرض هنا تعني
الأرضين السّبع مجموعة ورتقاً، وهي تمثّل الجزء السفلي من الكون في بداية خلقه. ويؤكده الزّمخشري:
"فإن قلت: هل لقول من زعم أنّ المعنى خلق لكم الأرض وما فيها وجه صحّة؟ قلت:
أنّ أراد بالأرض الجهات السّفليّة دون الغبراء (الكرة
الأرضيّة) كما تذكر السّماء وتراد الجهات العلويّة جاز ذلك، فإنّ الغبراء
وما فيها واقعة في الجهات السّفليّة (الزمخشري م 1، ص 270.)".
وهو عين ما قاله كثيرٌ من أئمّة التّفسير:(النيسابوري،
نظام الدين الحسن بن محمد القمّي (ت 728 هج)، تفسير غرائب القرآن ورغائب الفرقان،
تحقيق زكريا عميرات، دار الكتب العلميّة (بيروت 1416 هـ-
[29] It is He Who hath created for you all things that were coupled on Ardh
(interior part of universe, or coupled seven Ardhean); then He
turned to the heaven and made them into seven firmaments. And of all things He
hath perfect knowledge.
(أَوَلَمْ يَرَ
الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَنَّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ كَانَتَا رَتْقًا
فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا وَجَعَلْنَا مِنَ الْمَاءِ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ حَيٍّ أَفَلَا يُؤْمِنُونَ) [الأنبياء 30].
"Do
not the Unbelievers see that the Samawat (plural of Sama: upper part of universe) and the Ardh (lower - interior - part of the Universe) were
Ratq (joined, coupled), before We Fatq (clove asunder, decoupled)
them?"
(Surat Al-Anbiyaa No. 21, verse
30).
As the universe expanded, adiabatic cooling
caused the plasma to cool until it became favorable for electrons
to combine with protons and form hydrogen
atoms. This recombination event happened at
around 3000 K or when the universe was approximately 379,000 years
old.[8][nb
4] At this point, the photons scattered off the now
electrically-neutral atoms and began to travel freely
through space, resulting in the decoupling
of matter and radiation.[9]
(أَوَلَمْ يَرَ
الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَنَّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ كَانَتَا رَتْقًا
فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا) [الأنبياء 30].
"Do
not the Unbelievers see that the Samawat (plural of Sama: upper part of universe) and the Ardh (lower - interior - part of the Universe) were Ratq
(joined, coupled), before We Fatq (clove asunder, decoupled) them?" (Surat
Al-Anbiyaa No. 21, verse 30).
The color
temperature of the photons has continued to diminish ever since; now
down to 2.725 K, their temperature will continue to drop as the universe
expands.
- (وَالسَّمَاءَ بَنَيْنَاهَا بِأَيْيدٍ وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ * وَالأرْضَ فَرَشْنَاهَا
فَنِعْمَ الْمَاهِدُونَ) ] 48-47
الذّاريات[.
" We have built The Sama - Firmament - with might, We indeed
Have vast power; to create the vastness of Space and continue to expand it *
And We have spread out Ardh - Ground; interior or lower part of the
Universe; the dark matter holding the galaxies -: How excellently We do spread
out" (Surah No. 51, verse 47- 48).
ولا بدّ من التّنويه في هذا المقام إلى أنّ بعض المفسّرين المعاصرين مثل سعيد
حوى قد أشاروا إلى تمدّد الكون في معرض تفسيرهم للآية الكريمة، يقول المؤلف رحمه
الله (وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ) هذه السماء باطّراد ، فهي دائماً في توسع أو قد جعلناها واسعة (128). وقد جاء في
المنتخب (129) بأنّ الآية (وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ): "تشير إلى تلك السعة المذهلة
التي عليها الكون منذ خلقه. كما أنّها تشير إلى أنّ التوسعة
مستمرة على الزمن". وكما سبق ذكره، فإنّ من السّابقين كذلك من أشار
إلى نفس الأمر (120-122) (عمري 2002 : بناء
السماء).
47]. We have built The Sama - Firmament - with might, We
indeed Have vast power; to create the vastness of Space and continue to expand
it
According to the Big
Bang model, the radiation from the sky we measure today comes from a spherical
surface called the surface of last scattering. This represents the collection
of spots in space at which the decoupling event is believed to have occurred,
less than 400,000 years after the Big Bang,[10]
and at a point in time such that the photons from that distance have just
reached observers.
(ثُمَّ اسْتَوَى إِلَى السَّمَاءِ وَهِيَ دُخَانٌ فَقَالَ لَهَا
وَلِلأرْضِ اِئْتِيَا طَوْعًا أَوْ كَرْهًا قَالَتَا أَتَيْنَا طَائِعِينَ) [فصّلت آية 11
]
Allâh says: "Moreover, He comprehended in His design the Sama (upper part of universe), and it had been smoke: He said to it and
to Ardh (lower - interior - part of the Universe; not earth): 'Come ye,
willingly or unwillingly.' They said: 'We do come, in willing obedience'. So He completed them as seven firmaments in two Days
(periods) …" (Surah 41,
Verses 11-12).
The estimated age of
the Universe is 13.75 billion years.[11]
However, because the Universe has continued expanding since that time, the comoving
distance from the Earth to the edge of the observable universe is now at least
46.5 billion light years.[12][13]
The Big Bang theory
suggests that the cosmic microwave background fills all of observable space,
and that most of the radiation energy in the universe is in the cosmic
microwave background,[14]
which makes up a fraction of roughly 6×10−5 of the total
density of the universe.[nb
5]
Two of the greatest
successes of the big bang theory are its prediction of its almost perfect black body
spectrum and its detailed prediction of the anisotropies in the cosmic
microwave background.
(الَّذِي خَلَقَ سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ طِبَاقًا مَا تَرَى فِي
خَلْقِ الرَّحْمَانِ مِنْ تَفَاوُتٍ فَارْجِعْ الْبَصَرَ هَلْ تَرَى مِنْ فُطُورٍ * ثُمَّ ارْجِعْ الْبَصَرَ
كَرَّتَيْنِ يَنقَلِبْ إِلَيْكَ الْبَصَرُ خَاسِئًا وَهُوَ حَسِيرٌ) [ الملك 3-4].
[3] He Who created the seven Samawat (sky, Firmament) one
above another: no want of proportion wilt thou see in the Creation of (Allah)
Most Gracious. So turn thy vision again: seest thou any flaw? [4] Again turn thy vision a second time:
(thy) vision will come back to thee dull and discomfited, in a state worn out.
The recent Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
Probe has precisely measured these anisotropies over the whole sky
down to angular scales of 0.2 degrees.[15]
These can be used to estimate the parameters of the standard Lambda-CDM
model of the big bang. Some information, such as the shape of the Universe, can be
obtained straightforwardly from the cosmic microwave background, while others,
such as the Hubble constant, are not constrained and
must be inferred from other measurements.[15]
The latter value gives the redshift of galaxies (interpreted as the recessional velocity) as a
proportion of their distance
Relationship to the Big Bang
Measurements of the
CMB have made the inflationary Big Bang theory the standard model of the
earliest eras of the universe.[52]
(ثُمَّ اسْتَوَى
إِلَى السَّمَاءِ وَهِيَ دُخَانٌ فَقَالَ لَهَا وَلِلْأَرْضِ ائْتِيَا طَوْعًا
أَوْ كَرْهًا قَالَتَا أَتَيْنَا طَائِعِينَ * فَقَضَاهُنَّ سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ فِي يَوْمَيْنِ) [فصّلت آية 11-12
].
Allâh says: "Moreover, He comprehended in His design the Sama (upper part of universe), and it had been smoke: He said to it and
to Ardh (lower - interior - part of the Universe; not earth): 'Come ye,
willingly or unwillingly.' They said: 'We do come, in willing obedience'. So He completed them as seven firmaments in two Days
(periods) …" (Surah 41,
Verses 11-12).
"And We indeed Have
vast power; to expand it". This interprets as: ALLAH constructs Sama via expansion ([iv]).
ALLAH create and elevate Sama with vast force and power, and We
(ALLAH) are able to expand it as We desire ([v]).
We are able to expand, as We expand its construction ([vi]).
- (وَالسَّمَاءَ بَنَيْنَاهَا بِأَيْيدٍ
وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ * وَالأرْضَ فَرَشْنَاهَا فَنِعْمَ الْمَاهِدُونَ) ]
48-47 الذّاريات[.
" We have built The Sama - Firmament - with might, We indeed
Have vast power; to create the vastness of Space and continue to expand it *
And We have spread out Ardh - Ground; interior or lower part of the
Universe; the dark matter holding the galaxies -: How excellently We do spread
out" (Surah No. 51, verse 47- 48).
متوسط رقم
الآيتين (47.5) يساوي القيمة
الحاليّة لمتوسط نسب الطاقة المظلمة
والمادّة المظلمة:
The average value for the
numbers of these two verses, 47.5, is equal to the present value of the average
percentages of dark matter and dark energy:
(23% + 72%)/2= 47.5%
(أَأَنْتُمْ أَشَدُّ
خَلْقًا أَمْ السَّمَاءُ بَنَاهَا * رَفَعَ سَمْكَهَا فَسَوَّاهَا) [النّازعات 27-28].
( What! Are ye the more difficult to create or the Samaa
(Firmaments) (above)? (Allah) hath constructed it: On high hath He raised its canopy, and He
hath given it order and perfection.) (S. 79, V. 27-28)
79/28 =2.82
This theory predicts
that the initial conditions for the universe are originally random in nature,
and follow a roughly Gaussian probability distribution,
which when graphed in cross-section forms bell-shaped curves. This is among various things being indicated
by the verses:
وممّا يشير إلى هذا قوله تعالى:
(قُلْ أَئِنَّكُمْ لَتَكْفُرُونَ بِالَّذِي خَلَقَ الْأَرْضَ فِي
يَوْمَيْنِ وَتَجْعَلُونَ لَهُ أَنْدَادًا ذَلِكَ رَبُّ الْعَالَمِينَ * وَجَعَلَ فِيهَا رَوَاسِيَ مِنْ فَوْقِهَا وَبَارَكَ فِيهَا
وَقَدَّرَ فِيهَا أَقْوَاتَهَا فِي أَرْبَعَةِ أَيَّامٍ سَوَاءً لِلسَّائِلِينَ ) [فصلت 9-10].
This
likely to be indicated by the verses:
[9] "Say: Is it that ye deny Him Who
created the Ardh (lower - interior - part of the early Universe; large scale
structure of dark matter) in two Days (periods)? and do ye join equals with
Him? He is the Lord of (all) the Worlds." [10] He set on the (Ardh). Like
Mountains standing firm, above it, and bestowed blessings on the Ardh, and
measured therein all things to give them nourishment in due proportion, in
precisely four Days (periods) for those who seek knowledge, and also in
accordance with (the needs of) those who seek (sustenance). " (Surah 41,
Verses 9-10).
ذكر العمري (خلق الكون 2004): أنّ قوله سبحانه (وَجَعَلَ فِيهَا
رَوَاسِيَ مِنْ فَوْقِهَا وَبَارَكَ فِيهَا) قد يشير إلى
إحداث عدم تجانس في مادّة الأرضين والّتي هي مادّة المظلمة (Dark matter) أو لربّما هو إشارة إلى بداية
خلق مادّة عاديّة بدأت تتشكّل وتتكوّن وترسو في الجزء العلوي من الأرض (الأرض
بمعنى جهة السّفل). أي المادّة الّتي بدأت
تتشكّل في أعالي الأرضين السّبع (شكل)
؛ أي في الأماكن الأقرب إلى الحيّز الداخلي للبناء السّماوي الأوّل (28، 60، 127). وهذه المادّة هي أساس البناء في الأرض العليا
بعد فتق الأرضين (28). وربّما تجسّد هذا حاليّا كتغاير طفيف في درجة
حرارة إشعاع الخلفيّة الكوني (شكل).
ويراد بالأرض العليا (الأولى) تلك الّتي
تحتضن مجرّة درب التّبانة (شكل)؛
الّتي توجد فيها مجموعتنا الشّمسيّة (28).
By analyzing this
distribution at different frequencies, a spectral
density or power spectrum is generated. The power spectrum of these
fluctuations has been calculated, and agrees with the observations, although
certain observables, for example the overall amplitude of the fluctuations, are
more or less free parameters of the cosmic
inflation model.[53]
Therefore, meaningful statements about the inhomogeneities in the universe need
to be statistical
in nature. This leads to cosmic
variance in which the uncertainties in the variance of the largest
scale fluctuations observed in the universe are difficult to accurately compare
to theory. The model uses a Gaussian random field with a
nearly-scale invariant or Harrison-Zel'dovich
spectrum to represent the primeval inhomogeneities.[54][55]
Temperature
The cosmic microwave
background radiation and the cosmological red shift
are together regarded as the best available evidence for the Big Bang
theory. The discovery of the CMB in the mid-1960s curtailed interest in alternatives such as the steady state theory.[56]
The CMB gives a snapshot of the Universe
when, according to standard cosmology, the temperature dropped enough to allow electrons
and protons
to form hydrogen
atoms, thus making the universe transparent to radiation. When it originated
some 380,000 years after the Big Bang—this time is generally known as the
"time of last scattering" or the period of recombination or decoupling—the
temperature of the Universe was about 4,000 K. This corresponds to an
energy of about 0.25 eV,
which is much less than the 13.6 eV ionization energy of hydrogen.[57]
(ثُمَّ اسْتَوَى
إِلَى السَّمَاءِ وَهِيَ دُخَانٌ فَقَالَ لَهَا وَلِلأرْضِ اِئْتِيَا طَوْعًا أَوْ كَرْهًا
قَالَتَا أَتَيْنَا طَائِعِينَ)
[فصّلت آية 11 ]
Allâh says: "Moreover, He comprehended in His design the Sama (upper part of universe), and it had been smoke: He said to it and
to Ardh (lower - interior - part of the Universe; not earth): 'Come ye,
willingly or unwillingly.' They said: 'We do come, in willing obedience'. So He completed them as seven firmaments in two Days
(periods) …" (Surah 41,
Verses 11-12).
Since decoupling, the
temperature of the background radiation has dropped by a factor of roughly
1,100[58]
due to the expansion of the Universe. As the Universe expands, the CMB photons
are redshifted,
making the radiation's temperature inversely proportional to a
parameter called the Universe's scale length. The temperature Tr
of the CMB as a function of redshift, z, can be shown to be proportional to the
temperature of the CMB as observed in the present day (2.728K):
Tr = 2.728(1 + z)
For details about the
reasoning that the radiation is evidence for the Big Bang, see Cosmic background radiation of the Big Bang.
Primary anisotropy
The power
spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature anisotropy in
terms of the angular scale (or multipole
moment). The data shown come from the WMAP (2006), Acbar (2004)
Boomerang (2005), CBI (2004), and VSA
(2004) instruments. Also shown is a theoretical model (solid line).
The anisotropy
of the cosmic microwave background is divided into two sorts: primary
anisotropy, due to effects which occur at the last scattering surface and
before; and secondary anisotropy, due to effects such as interactions with hot
gas or gravitational potentials, between the last scattering surface and the
observer.
The structure of the
cosmic microwave background anisotropies is principally determined by two
effects: acoustic oscillations and diffusion damping (also called collisionless
damping or Silk damping). The acoustic oscillations
arise because of a competition in the photon-baryon
plasma in the early universe. The pressure of the photons tends to erase
anisotropies, whereas the gravitational attraction of the baryons—moving at
speeds much slower than light—makes them tend to collapse to form dense haloes.
These two effects compete to create acoustic oscillations which give the
microwave background its characteristic peak structure. The peaks correspond,
roughly, to resonances in which the photons decouple when a particular mode is
at its peak amplitude. This is referred
to by the verse (Omari):
(وَالسَّمَاءِ
ذَاتِ الْحُبُكِ) (الذاريات 7):
إنّ
اضطراباً قليلاً في الكثافة ينتشر كأمواج صوتيّة محدثة تضاغطات (compressions) وتخلخلات (rarefactions). التضاغطات تسخّن الغاز، بينما تبرّده
التّخلخلات. وبالتالي فإنّ أيّ اضطراب في
الكون المبكر يبقى ظاهراً كتغاير بسيط في درجة حرارة إشعاع الخلفية الكوني. إنّ الفوتونات التي انطلقت من المناطق الأسخن
والأكثر كثافة كانت تمتلك طاقة أكبر من طاقة الفوتونات التي انبعثت من المناطق
المخلخلة (rarefied) والباردة نسبيّاً.
وبالتالي فإنّ النمذجة والنسق (Pattern)
للمناطق الحارّة والباردة الذي أحدثته الأمواج الصوتية قد تجسّد كتغاير طفيف في
درجة حرارة إشعاع الخلفيّة الكوني CMB (شكل ، شكل ، شكل).
The peaks contain
interesting physical signatures. The angular scale of the first peak determines
the curvature of the Universe (but not
the topology
of the Universe). The next peak—ratio of the odd peaks to the even
peaks—determines the reduced baryon density. The third peak can be used to pull
information about the dark matter density:
(فَلَا أُقْسِمُ بِمَا تُبْصِرُونَ * وَمَا لَا تُبْصِرُونَ)
(الحاقة س 69، الآيتان 38-39)
The locations of the
peaks also give important information about the nature of the primordial
density perturbations. There are two fundamental brands of density
perturbations—called adiabatic and isocurvature. A general
density perturbation is a mixture of both, and different theories that purport
to explain the primordial density perturbation spectrum predict different
mixtures.
Adiabatic
density perturbations
the
fractional overdensity in each matter component (baryons, photons
...) is the same. That is, if there is 1% more energy in baryons than average
in one spot, then with a pure adiabatic density perturbations there is also 1%
more energy in photons, and 1% more energy in neutrinos, than average. Cosmic
inflation predicts that the primordial perturbations are adiabatic.
لعلّ
هذا بعضٌ من مدلول قوله تعالى (وَالسَّمَاءِ ذَاتِ الرَّجْعِ) ، على اعتبار أنّ السّماء هنا هي البناء.
This is likely to be among things indicated by
the following verse:
(By the Firmament which returns (in its round)), (Surah 86, verse 11)
Isocurvature
density perturbations
The sum
of the fractional overdensities is zero. That is, a perturbation where at some
spot there is 1% more energy in baryons than average, 1% more energy in photons
than average, and 2% lear energy in neutrinos than average, would be a
pure isocurvature perturbation. Cosmic
strings would produce mostly isocurvature primordial perturbations.
The CMB spectrum is
able to distinguish these two because these two brands of perturbations produce
different peak locations. Isocurvature density perturbations produce a series
of peaks whose angular scales (l-values of the peaks) are roughly in the
ratio 1:3:5:..., while adiabatic density perturbations produce peaks whose
locations are in the ratio 1:2:3:...[59]
Observations are consistent with the primordial density perturbations being
entirely adiabatic: (11 الطارق)
(وَالسَّمَاءِ ذَاتِ
الرَّجْعِ), providing key
support for inflation, and ruling out many models of structure formation
involving, for example, cosmic strings.
Collisionless damping
is caused by two effects, when the treatment of the primordial plasma as fluid
begins to break down:
·
the increasing mean
free path of the photons as the primordial plasma becomes
increasingly rarefied in an expanding universe
·
the finite depth of the
last scattering surface (LSS), which causes the mean free path to increase
rapidly during decoupling, even while some Compton scattering is still
occurring.
وتؤكّد الآيات والأحاديث أنَّ السّموات والأرض كانتا رتقاً عند
بداية الخلق (أَوَلَمْ يَرَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَنَّ
السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ كَانَتَا رَتْقًا فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَا وَجَعَلْنَا مِنَ
الْمَاءِ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ حَيٍّ أَفَلَا يُؤْمِنُونَ) [الأنبياء 30]. وأمّا الآن
فهنَّ بسط وفتق (عمري 2004 : الأرضون السّبع).
"Do
not the Unbelievers see that the Samawat (plural of Sama: upper part of universe) and the Ardh (lower - interior - part of the Universe) were Ratq
(joined, coupled), before We Fatq (clove asunder, decoupled) them?" (Surat
Al-Anbiyaa No. 21, verse 30).
The Arabic word (Ratq),
implies that at early stages of Universe, matter used to have smeared and
continuous mass distribution with high density, and both matter and radiation
were coupled together. Later on, God
clove them asunder (Fatq): Implying that matter had started clumping and
holding
together to help forming seven distinct firmaments (Samawat) and seven interior
levels of Ardh (very likely to be seven distinct shells of dark matter). Also, later the universe became transparent,
and matter is no more coupled to radiation (Fatq). Consequently Sama (Upper part of
Universe) and Ardh (Interior part of Universe) are decoupled; each into
seven distinct and probably concentric spherical shells. The seven Ardhean (plural of Ardh:
Ground) mentioned by authentic hadiths (Prophet's sayings) are seven
distinct levels. It is possible that
galaxies and clusters of galaxies are distributed over Ardhean. As such, Ardhean represent a major
part of the cosmic dark matter that supports forming gravitationally bounded
galaxies and clusters ([vii]).
The above two effects
contribute about equally to the suppression of anisotropies on small scales,
and give rise to the characteristic exponential damping tail seen in the very
small angular scale anisotropies.
The depth of the LSS
refers to the fact that the decoupling of the photons and baryons does not
happen instantaneously, but instead requires an appreciable fraction of the age
of the Universe up to that era. One method to quantify exactly how long
this process took uses the photon visibility function (PVF). This
function is defined so that, denoting the PVF by P(t), the probability that a
CMB photon last scattered between time t and t+dt is given by P(t)dt.
The maximum of the
PVF (the time where it is most likely that a given CMB photon last scattered)
is known quite precisely. The first-year WMAP results put the
time at which P(t) is maximum as 372±14 ka.[60]
This is often taken as the "time" at which the CMB formed. However,
to figure out how long it took the photons and baryons to decouple, we
need a measure of the width of the PVF. The WMAP team finds that the PVF is
greater than half of its maximum value (the "full width at half
maximum", or FWHM) over an interval of 115±5 ka. By this measure, decoupling
took place over roughly 115,000 years, and when it was complete, the
universe was roughly 487,000 years old.
Late time anisotropy
Since the CMB came
into existence, it has apparently been modified by several subsequent physical
processes, which are collectively referred to as late-time anisotropy, or
secondary anisotropy. When the CMB photons became free to travel unimpeded,
ordinary matter in the universe was mostly in the form of neutral hydrogen and
helium atoms. However, observations of galaxies today seem to indicate that
most of the volume of the intergalactic medium (IGM) consists
of ionized material (since there are few absorption lines due to hydrogen
atoms). This implies a period of reionization
during which some of the material of the universe was broken into hydrogen
ions.
The CMB photons
scatter off free charges such as electrons that are not bound in atoms. In an
ionized universe, such charged particles have been liberated from neutral atoms
by ionizing (ultraviolet) radiation. Today these free charges are at
sufficiently low density in most of the volume of the Universe that they do not
measurably affect the CMB. However, if the IGM was ionized at very early times
when the universe was still denser, then there are two main effects on the CMB:
1.
Small scale anisotropies
are erased. (Just as when looking at an object through fog, details of the
object appear fuzzy.)
2.
The physics of how photons
scatter offrom free electrons (Thomson scattering) induces
polarization anisotropies on large angular scales. This broad angle
polarization is correlated with the broad angle temperature perturbation.
Both of these effects
have been observed by the WMAP spacecraft, providing evidence that the universe
was ionized at very early times, at a redshift
more than 17. The detailed provenance of this early ionizing radiation is still
a matter of scientific debate. It may have included starlight from the very
first population of stars (population
III stars), supernovae when these first stars reached the end of their
lives, or the ionizing radiation produced by the accretion disks of massive
black holes.
The time following
the emission of the Cosmic Microwave Background—and before the observation of
the first stars—is semi-humorously referred to by cosmologists as the dark age, and is a period
which is under intense study by astronomers (See 21 centimeter radiation).
Two other effects
which occurred between reionization and our observations of the Cosmic
Microwave Background, and which appear to cause anisotropies, include the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect,
where a cloud of high energy electrons scatters the radiation, transferring
some of its energy to the CMB photons, and the Sachs-Wolfe effect, which causes photons
from the Cosmic Microwave Background to be gravitationally redshifted or
blueshifted due to changing gravitational fields.
E
polarization measurements as of March
Polarization
Main
article: Polarization in astronomy
The cosmic microwave
background is polarized at the level of a few
microkelvins. There are two types of polarization, called E-modes and B-modes.
This is in analogy to electrostatics, in which the electric field
(E-field) has a vanishing curl and the magnetic field (B-field)
has a vanishing divergence. The E-modes arise naturally
from Thomson scattering in a heterogeneous
plasma. The B-modes, which have not been measured and are thought to
have an amplitude of at most a 0.1 µK, are not produced from the plasma
physics alone. They are a signal from cosmic
inflation and are determined by the density of primordial gravitational waves. Detecting the B-modes
will be extremely difficult, particularly given that the degree of foreground
contamination is unknown, and the weak gravitational lensing
signal mixes the relatively strong E-mode signal with the B-mode
signal.[61]
Microwave background observations
Main
article: Cosmic microwave background
experiments
Subsequent to the
discovery of the CMB, hundreds of cosmic microwave background experiments have
been conducted to measure and characterize the signatures of the radiation. The
most famous experiment is probably the NASA Cosmic
Background Explorer (COBE) satellite that orbited in 1989–1996 and which
detected and quantified the large scale anisotropies at the limit of its
detection capabilities. Inspired by the initial COBE results of an extremely
isotropic and homogeneous background, a series of ground- and balloon-based
experiments quantified CMB anisotropies on smaller angular scales over the next
decade.
(الَّذِي خَلَقَ سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ طِبَاقًا مَا تَرَى فِي
خَلْقِ الرَّحْمَانِ مِنْ تَفَاوُتٍ فَارْجِعْ الْبَصَرَ هَلْ تَرَى مِنْ فُطُورٍ * ثُمَّ ارْجِعْ الْبَصَرَ
كَرَّتَيْنِ يَنقَلِبْ إِلَيْكَ الْبَصَرُ خَاسِئًا وَهُوَ حَسِيرٌ) [ الملك 3-4].
[3] He Who
created the seven Samawat (sky, Firmament) one above another: no want of proportion wilt
thou see in the Creation of (Allah) Most Gracious. So turn thy vision again:
seest thou any flaw? [4] Again turn thy
vision a second time: (thy) vision will come back to thee dull and discomfited,
in a state worn out.
The primary goal of
these experiments was to measure the angular scale of the first acoustic peak, for which COBE did not have
sufficient resolution.
(وَالسَّمَاءِ
ذَاتِ الْحُبُكِ) (الذاريات 7):
إنّ
اضطراباً قليلاً في الكثافة ينتشر كأمواج صوتيّة محدثة تضاغطات (compressions) وتخلخلات (rarefactions). التضاغطات تسخّن الغاز، بينما تبرّده
التّخلخلات.
These measurements
were able to rule out cosmic strings as the leading theory of
cosmic structure formation, and suggested cosmic
inflation was the right theory.
(ثُمَّ اسْتَوَى إِلَى السَّمَاءِ وَهِيَ دُخَانٌ فَقَالَ لَهَا
وَلِلْأَرْضِ ائْتِيَا طَوْعًا أَوْ كَرْهًا قَالَتَا أَتَيْنَا طَائِعِينَ * فَقَضَاهُنَّ سَبْعَ
سَمَاوَاتٍ فِي يَوْمَيْنِ)
[فصّلت آية 11-12 ].
Allâh says: "Moreover, He comprehended in His design the Sama (upper part of universe), and it had been smoke: He said to it and
to Ardh (lower - interior - part of the Universe; not earth): 'Come ye,
willingly or unwillingly.' They said: 'We do come, in willing obedience'. So He completed them as seven firmaments in two Days
(periods) …" (Surah 41,
Verses 11-12).
"And We indeed Have
vast power; to expand it". This interprets as: ALLAH constructs Sama via expansion ([viii]).
ALLAH create and elevate Sama with vast force and power, and We
(ALLAH) are able to expand it as We desire ([ix]).
We are able to expand, as We expand its construction ([x]).
- (وَالسَّمَاءَ بَنَيْنَاهَا بِأَيْيدٍ
وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ * وَالأرْضَ فَرَشْنَاهَا فَنِعْمَ الْمَاهِدُونَ) ]
48-47 الذّاريات[.
" We have built The Sama - Firmament - with might, We indeed
Have vast power; to create the vastness of Space and continue to expand it *
And We have spread out Ardh - Ground; interior or lower part of the
Universe; the dark matter holding the galaxies -: How excellently We do spread
out" (Surah No. 51, verse 47- 48).
(أَأَنْتُمْ أَشَدُّ خَلْقًا أَمْ السَّمَاءُ بَنَاهَا * رَفَعَ سَمْكَهَا
فَسَوَّاهَا)
[النّازعات 27-28].
[27] What! Are ye the more difficult to create or the Samaa
(Firmaments) (above)? (Allah) hath constructed it: [28] On high hath He raised
its canopy, and He hath given it order and perfection.
During the 1990s, the
first peak was measured with increasing sensitivity and by 2000 the BOOMERanG experiment reported that
the highest power fluctuations occur at scales of approximately one degree.
Together with other cosmological data, these results implied that the geometry
of the Universe is flat. A number of ground-based interferometers
provided measurements of the fluctuations with higher accuracy over the next
three years, including the Very
Small Array, Degree Angular Scale
Interferometer (DASI), and the Cosmic Background Imager (CBI).
DASI made the first detection of the polarization of the CMB and the CBI
provided the first E-mode polarization spectrum with compelling evidence that
it is out of phase with the T-mode spectrum.
In June 2001, NASA launched
a second CMB space mission, WMAP, to make much more precise measurements of the
great scale anisotropies over the full sky. The first results from this
mission, disclosed in 2003, were detailed measurements of the angular power
spectrum to below degree scales, tightly constraining various cosmological
parameters. The results are broadly consistent with those expected from cosmic
inflation as well as various other competing theories, and are
available in detail at NASA's data bank for Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
(see links below). Although WMAP provided very accurate measurements of the
great angular-scale fluctuations in the CMB (structures about as broad in the
sky as the moon), it did not have the angular resolution to measure the smaller
scale fluctuations which had been observed by former ground-based interferometers.
A third space
mission, the Planck Surveyor, launched in May, 2009.
Planck employs both HEMT
radiometers as well as bolometer technology and will measure the CMB on
smaller scales than WMAP. Unlike the previous two space missions, Planck is run
by the ESA (the European Space Agency).
Its detectors got a trial run at the Antarctic Viper
telescope as ACBAR (Arcminute Cosmology
Bolometer Array Receiver) experiment—which has produced the most
precise measurements at small angular scales to date—and at the Archeops
balloon telescope.
Additional
ground-based instruments such as the South Pole Telescope in Antarctica
and the proposed Clover Project, Atacama Cosmology Telescope
and the QUIET telescope in Chile will provide
additional data not available from satellite observations, possibly including
the B-mode polarization.
Data reduction and analysis
Raw CMBR data coming
down from the space vehicle (i.e., WMAP) contain foreground effects that
completely obscure the fine-scale structure of the Cosmic Microwave background.
The fine-scale structure is superimposed on the raw CMBR data but is too small
to be seen at the scale of the raw data. The most prominent of the foreground
effects is the dipole anisotropy caused by the Sun's motion relative to the
CMBR background. The dipole anisotropy and others due to Earth's annual motion
relative to the Sun and numerous microwave sources in the galactic plane and
elsewhere must be subtracted out to reveal the extremely tiny variations
characterizing the fine-scale structure of the CMBR background. This is obvious form the following verse:
[3] He Who created the seven Samawat (sky, Firmament) one
above another: no want of proportion wilt thou see in the Creation of (Allah)
Most Gracious. So turn thy vision again: seest thou any flaw? [4] Again turn thy vision a second time:
(thy) vision will come back to thee dull and discomfited, in a state worn out.
The detail analysis
of CMBR data to produce maps, an angular power spectrum, and ultimately
cosmological parameters is a complicated, computationally difficult problem.
Although computing a power spectrum from a map is in principle a simple Fourier
transform, decomposing the map of the sky into spherical harmonics, in practice it
is hard to take the effects of noise and foreground sources into account. In
particular, these foregrounds are dominated by galactic emissions such free-free,
synchrotron, and dust
that emit in the microwave band; in practice, the galaxy has to be removed
resulting in a CMB map that is not a full-sky map. In addition, point sources
like galaxies and clusters represent another source of foreground which must be
removed lest they distort the short scale structure of the CMB power spectrum.
Constraints on many
cosmological parameters can be obtained from their effects on the power
spectrum, and results are often calculated using Markov Chain Monte Carlo
sampling techniques.
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