وردت
هذه المقارنة في سورة الكهف عند الآية الكريمة:
(وَلَبِثُوا فِي كَهْفِهِمْ
ثَلَاثَ مِائَةٍ سِنِينَ وَازْدَادُوا تِسْعًا *
قل اللّهُ أعلمُ بما لبثوا له غيب السموات والأرض
...)
(الكهف آية 26-25) .
(So
they stayed in their Cave three hundred years, and add nine (more).)
(Al-Kahf, surah 18, verse 25)
"وَلَبِثُوا
فِي كَهْفهمْ ثَلَاث مِائَة" بِالتَّنْوِينِ "سِنِينَ" عَطْف بَيَان
لِثَلَاثِمِائَةٍ وَهَذِهِ السِّنُونَ الثَّلَاثمِائَةِ عِنْد أَهْل الْكَهْف
شَمْسِيَّة وَتَزِيد الْقَمَرِيَّة عَلَيْهَا عِنْد الْعَرَب تِسْع سِنِينَ وَقَدْ
ذَكَرْت فِي قَوْله "وَازْدَادُوا تِسْعًا" أَيْ تِسْع سِنِينَ
فَالثَّلَاثمِائَةِ الشَّمْسِيَّة : ثَلَاثمِائَةِ وَتِسْع قَمَرِيَّة (تفسير
الجلالين).
Because there
are about twelve lunations (synodic months) in a solar year, this period (354.3671days) is sometimes referred to as a lunar year.
The average
length of the synodic month is 29.530589
days. This requires the length of a month to be
alternately 29 and 30 days (termed respectively hollow and full).
The distribution of hollow and full months can be determined using continued
fractions, and
examining successive approximations for the length of the month in terms of
fractions of a day. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendar).
وفي
الحديث الصحيح :
Prophet
Mohammed (peace be upon him) mentioned explicitly and clearly that the
length of a month to be alternately 29 and 30 days: (Once 30 and once 29; alternately). The Hadiths are:
1- (Once 30 and once 29; alternately):
(الشهر هكذا وهكذا وهكذا .
يعني ثلاثين ، ثم قال : وهكذا وهكذا وهكذا . يعني تسعا وعشرين ، يقول : مرة ثلاثين
، ومرة تسعا وعشرين . ) ( الراوي: عبدالله بن عمر المحدث: البخاري - المصدر:
صحيح البخاري - لصفحة أو الرقم:
5302، خلاصة حكم المحدث: [صحيح] )
(Narrated Ibn 'Umar: The
Prophet (holding out his ten fingers thrice), said, "The month is thus and
thus and thus," namely thirty days. Then (holding out his ten fingers
twice and then nine fingers), he said, "It may be thus and thus and
thus," namely twenty nine days. He meant once thirty days and once twenty
nine days. ) (Sahih Bukhari., ' 'Divorce'
', number. 5302). (http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=63&translator=1&start=46&number=222)
2- (Once 29 and once 30; alternately):
(إنا أمة أمية ، لا نكتب ولا
نحسب ، الشهر هكذا وهكذا . يعني مرة تسعة وعشرين ، ومرة ثلاثين . ) (الراوي: عبدالله بن عمر المحدث: البخاري - المصدر:
صحيح البخاري - لصفحة أو الرقم:
1913، خلاصة حكم المحدث: [صحيح] )
(Narrated Ibn 'Umar: The
Prophet said, "We are an illiterate nation; we neither write, nor know
accounts. The month is like this and this, i.e.
sometimes of 29 days and sometimes of thirty days.") (Sahih Bukhari., 'Fasting',
number. 1913:
http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=31&translator=1&start=0&number=137).
In astronomy,
several kinds of year are distinguished, having slightly different lengths. The solar year (365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds),
also called tropical year, or year of the seasons, is the time between two
successive occurrences of the vernal equinox (the moment when the Sun
apparently crosses the ...
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/553076/solar-year)
The solar
year is: 365.2421991 days
365 + (5/24)
+ (48/(60*24)) + (46/(60*60*24)) = 365.2421991 days
The
lunar year is: 354.3671
days .
Define
x and y to be:
x = (309) lunar years = (309)*( 354.3671) = 109499.43 days
y = (300) solar years = (300) * (365.2421991) = 109572.65973
The difference
between x and y is
109572.65973 - 109499.43
= 73.23 days; which is significantly smaller than a
year.
The percentage
difference between x and y is approximately
73.23/109572.65973 =
6.68x10-4.
وبالتالي فإنّ
الآية الكريمة : (وَلَبِثُوا فِي كَهْفِهِمْ ثَلَاثَ مِائَةٍ سِنِينَ
وَازْدَادُوا تِسْعًا) قد حدّدت العلاقة بين طولي السنتين الشمسية والقمرية بدقة
فائقة ؛ وبما يناسب جمال اللفظ القرآني والذي ذكر رقمين صحيحين (300 ، 309)؛ ولم يذكر
أجزاءً من السنة.
وهذا الفرق دليل على أنّ المدة الدقيقة للبثهم غير معلومة : (قل اللّهُ أعلمُ بما لبثوا له غيب
السموات والأرض ...).